Spatial distribution of groundwater quality and risk indices evaluation via consumption

IF 3 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI:10.1016/j.pce.2024.103789

Said Muhammad , Rizwan Ullah , Sehrish Amin , Haseeb Haroon , Ashfaq Ahmad

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Abstract

Groundwater is a valuable source for drinking and irrigation use and is the primary concern of developing countries. Therefore, the current study investigated groundwater in the Mirpur District of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan, for drinking and irrigation purposes. Groundwater was sampled from the Jatlan, Mirpur, and Dadyal towns of studied district and analyzed for physicochemical parameters. Groundwater results revealed that the WHO's upper limits were not surpassed for physiochemical parameters, except for pH value (11.7% samples). Groundwater was evaluated for various quality and risk indices. Based on the water quality index (WQI), groundwater was categorized as excellent to good for drinking use. For irrigation uses, 11.7% of Mirpur and 5.8% of Dadyal water were unsuitable, and the rest was found in the good category as evaluated by sodium adsorption ratio and sodium hazards. The groundwater was classified as calcium sulfate (CaSO₄), and mixed types and hydrogeochemistry were predominantly influenced by surrounding rock weathering. The groundwater showed a maximum level of hazard quotient of 0.20 ± 0.05 via fluoride intake in the Dadyal town. Based on studied parameters and risk indices, groundwater is recommended for drinking, domestic, and agricultural purposes.

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地下水质量的空间分布和通过消耗进行的风险指数评估

地下水是用于饮用和灌溉的宝贵水源，也是发展中国家最关心的问题。因此，本研究调查了巴基斯坦阿扎德查谟和克什米尔米尔布尔地区用于饮用和灌溉的地下水。地下水取自研究地区的 Jatlan、Mirpur 和 Dadyal 镇，并进行了理化参数分析。地下水结果显示，除 pH 值（11.7% 的样本）外，其他理化参数均未超过世界卫生组织规定的上限。对地下水的各种质量和风险指数进行了评估。根据水质指数 (WQI)，地下水在饮用方面被归类为优至良。对于灌溉用途，11.7% 的 Mirpur 水和 5.8% 的 Dadyal 水不适合灌溉，根据钠吸附率和钠危害评估，其余水质属于良好类别。地下水被归类为硫酸钙（CaSO4），混合类型和水文地球化学主要受周围岩石风化的影响。地下水通过 Dadyal 镇的氟摄入量显示出最大危害商数为 0.20 ± 0.05。根据所研究的参数和风险指数，建议将地下水用于饮用、家庭和农业用途。

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来源期刊

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 地学-地球科学综合

CiteScore

5.40

自引率

2.70%

发文量

176

审稿时长

31.6 weeks

期刊介绍： Physics and Chemistry of the Earth is an international interdisciplinary journal for the rapid publication of collections of refereed communications in separate thematic issues, either stemming from scientific meetings, or, especially compiled for the occasion. There is no restriction on the length of articles published in the journal. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth incorporates the separate Parts A, B and C which existed until the end of 2001. Please note: the Editors are unable to consider submissions that are not invited or linked to a thematic issue. Please do not submit unsolicited papers. The journal covers the following subject areas: -Solid Earth and Geodesy: (geology, geochemistry, tectonophysics, seismology, volcanology, palaeomagnetism and rock magnetism, electromagnetism and potential fields, marine and environmental geosciences as well as geodesy). -Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere: (hydrology and water resources research, engineering and management, oceanography and oceanic chemistry, shelf, sea, lake and river sciences, meteorology and atmospheric sciences incl. chemistry as well as climatology and glaciology). -Solar-Terrestrial and Planetary Science: (solar, heliospheric and solar-planetary sciences, geology, geophysics and atmospheric sciences of planets, satellites and small bodies as well as cosmochemistry and exobiology).