Char, gas, and action: Transfer of the flame-retardant modes of action in epoxy resins and their fiber-reinforced composites

IF 5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Polymer Testing Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108610

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Flame retardants are often developed for epoxy resins and then transferred into their fiber-reinforced composites with uncertain results. Understanding this transfer in detail represents a critical scientific challenge. This study systematically compares epoxy resins with their glass-fiber reinforced composites, focusing on bisphenol A diglycidyl ether with the hardener dicyandiamide, the flame retardants melamine polyphosphate, ammonium polyphosphate, and silane ammonium polyphosphate, along with inorganic silicate. The research investigates changes in pyrolysis (thermogravimetry), flammability (UL 94, limiting oxygen index), and fire behavior (cone calorimeter) while also examining the flame-retardant modes of action and overall fire performance. The findings reveal that alterations in the amount of fuel, thermal properties, melt flow, and protective layer significantly impact ignition, flammability, and fire load, with a critical reduction in carbonaceous char within the composites preventing intumescence. This study quantifies the effects and provides a fundamental scientific understanding of the complex transfer process of flame retardants from resins to composites, offering essential insights that are of major importance for developing more effective flame-retardant materials.

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炭、气体和作用：环氧树脂及其纤维增强复合材料阻燃作用模式的转移

阻燃剂通常是为环氧树脂开发的，然后转用到纤维增强复合材料中，结果并不确定。详细了解这种转移是一项重要的科学挑战。本研究对环氧树脂及其玻璃纤维增强复合材料进行了系统比较，重点关注双酚 A 二缩水甘油醚、固化剂双氰胺、阻燃剂三聚氰胺聚磷酸盐、聚磷酸铵、硅烷聚磷酸铵以及无机硅酸盐。研究调查了热解（热重仪）、可燃性（UL 94、极限氧指数）和火灾行为（锥形量热仪）的变化，同时还检查了阻燃剂的作用模式和整体防火性能。研究结果表明，燃料量、热性能、熔体流动和保护层的改变会对点火、可燃性和火灾负荷产生重大影响，而复合材料中碳质炭化物的严重减少则会阻止膨胀。这项研究量化了这些影响，并对阻燃剂从树脂到复合材料的复杂转移过程提供了基本的科学认识，为开发更有效的阻燃材料提供了重要的启示。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Polymer Testing 工程技术-材料科学：表征与测试

CiteScore

10.70

自引率

5.90%

发文量

328

审稿时长

44 days

期刊介绍： Polymer Testing focuses on the testing, analysis and characterization of polymer materials, including both synthetic and natural or biobased polymers. Novel testing methods and the testing of novel polymeric materials in bulk, solution and dispersion is covered. In addition, we welcome the submission of the testing of polymeric materials for a wide range of applications and industrial products as well as nanoscale characterization. The scope includes but is not limited to the following main topics: Novel testing methods and Chemical analysis • mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical, imaging, spectroscopy, scattering and rheology Physical properties and behaviour of novel polymer systems • nanoscale properties, morphology, transport properties Degradation and recycling of polymeric materials when combined with novel testing or characterization methods • degradation, biodegradation, ageing and fire retardancy Modelling and Simulation work will be only considered when it is linked to new or previously published experimental results.