The earliest evidence for deformation of livestock horns: The case of Predynastic sheep from Hierakonpolis, Egypt

IF 2.6 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY
Wim Van Neer , Bea De Cupere , Renée Friedman
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Abstract

Archaeozoological evidence for the modification of sheep horns during Egypt's Predynastic period was uncovered at Hierakonpolis, Upper Egypt. At HK6, the site's so-called elite cemetery, a grave, which was part of a larger mortuary complex dated to around 3700 BC, contained at least 6 large, castrated male sheep. One individual was polled, while four others were of the corkscrew-horn type, but their horns were not oriented in the natural, lateral direction. Instead, the horns had been intentionally manipulated to grow upwards and in three cases this resulted in upright, parallel horns. While comparable practices are well documented in Africa in cattle through both modern ethnographic observations and archaeozoological studies of material from third millennium BC Nubia (in Kerma, Sudan), the Hierakonpolis sheep provide the oldest evidence for horn modification of livestock, and the first demonstration of the practice applied to sheep. When describing the skulls particular attention is paid to the pathological traces and deformities, i.e. constrictions on the horn cores, holes at the horn core bases, and deformations of the frontals. In order to assess the possible methods used in Predynastic Hierakonpolis to redirect the horns, these observations are compared with ethnographic and archaeozoological data from the literature. Finally, the possible reasons why these sheep were modified are also discussed. This study indicates that Predynastic Egyptians were already familiar with horn modelling techniques and confirms that this practice has a long history in the Nile Valley.
牲畜角变形的最早证据:埃及希拉孔波利斯早先时期绵羊的案例
在上埃及的希拉孔波利斯(Hierakonpolis)发现了埃及前王朝时期改造羊角的考古学证据。在 HK6(该遗址所谓的精英墓地)的一个墓穴中,至少有 6 只被阉割的大公羊,它们是一个较大的殡葬建筑群的一部分,年代约为公元前 3700 年。其中一只绵羊有花斑,另外四只绵羊的角是螺旋角型的,但它们的角的方向不是自然的横向方向。相反,羊角被有意地向上生长,其中有三只羊的角是直立的、平行的。虽然通过现代人种学观察和对公元前三千年努比亚(位于苏丹凯尔马)材料的考古动物学研究,非洲牛的类似做法已有详细记载,但希拉孔波利斯绵羊提供了牲畜改角的最古老证据,并首次展示了这种做法在绵羊身上的应用。在描述头骨时,特别注意了病理痕迹和畸形,即角核收缩、角核基部的孔洞和前额的畸形。为了评估前王朝希拉孔波利斯可能使用的调整羊角方向的方法,我们将这些观察结果与文献中的人种学和考古动物学数据进行了比较。最后,还讨论了这些羊被改造的可能原因。这项研究表明,早先的埃及人已经熟悉羊角造型技术,并证实这种做法在尼罗河流域有着悠久的历史。
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来源期刊
Journal of Archaeological Science
Journal of Archaeological Science 地学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
6.10
自引率
7.10%
发文量
112
审稿时长
49 days
期刊介绍: The Journal of Archaeological Science is aimed at archaeologists and scientists with particular interests in advancing the development and application of scientific techniques and methodologies to all areas of archaeology. This established monthly journal publishes focus articles, original research papers and major review articles, of wide archaeological significance. The journal provides an international forum for archaeologists and scientists from widely different scientific backgrounds who share a common interest in developing and applying scientific methods to inform major debates through improving the quality and reliability of scientific information derived from archaeological research.
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