Inorganic composition of PM2.5 in the lower northern region of Thailand and their potential impact on human health

IF 2.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Earth Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI:10.1007/s12665-024-11907-5

Thunwadee Srithawirat, Muhammad Amar Kamaruddin, Murnira Othman, Orachorn Chimjan, Tirthankar Banerjee, Abhishek Singh, Nur Zulaikha Mohd Afandi, Doreena Dominick, Anis Asma Ahmad Mohtar, Mohd Talib Latif

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Abstract

This study aimed to assess the levels of inorganic substances, including trace metals and ionic species in PM_2.5 in a semi-urban region located in the lower northern region of Thailand. It also aims to investigate the potential impacts of trace metals on human health. Samples of PM_2.5 were collected using a low volume air sampler (LVS) with a flow rate of 5 L min⁻¹ over a period of 24 h. Trace metal concentrations were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and ionic compositions were determined using ion chromatography (IC). Human health risk evaluations were carried out in accordance with the health risk assessment regulations of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The results of this study showed that the average concentration of PM_2.5 was 69.0 ± 33.4 µg m⁻³ above the standards set by USEPA for a 24 h average. Source identification using principal component analysis (PCA) based on trace metal and ion compositions suggested that the main sources of PM_2.5 were crustal elements (28%) and a combination of biomass burning and motor vehicles (19%). High enrichment factor (EF) values (> 100) for As, Cd, and Pb indicated that these metals were significantly enriched and greatly influenced by anthropogenic sources. The trace metal hazard quotients (HQ) and excess lifetime cancer risks (ELCR) were within acceptable limits. This study suggests the need for an awareness of PM_2.5 emissions and their trace metal compositions, especially from motor vehicles and biomass burning.

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泰国北部下游地区 PM2.5 的无机成分及其对人类健康的潜在影响

本研究旨在评估泰国北部偏南半城市地区 PM2.5 中的无机物质水平，包括痕量金属和离子物种。研究还旨在调查痕量金属对人体健康的潜在影响。痕量金属浓度采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测量，离子成分采用离子色谱法（IC）测定。人类健康风险评估是根据美国环境保护局（USEPA）的健康风险评估规定进行的。研究结果表明，PM2.5 的平均浓度为 69.0 ± 33.4 µg m-3，高于美国环保局规定的 24 小时平均值标准。根据痕量金属和离子组成使用主成分分析法（PCA）进行的来源识别表明，PM2.5 的主要来源是地壳元素（28%）以及生物质燃烧和机动车的组合（19%）。砷、镉和铅的富集因子（EF）值较高（100），表明这些金属受到人为来源的极大富集和影响。痕量金属危害商数（HQ）和超额终生致癌风险（ELCR）均在可接受范围内。这项研究表明，有必要了解 PM2.5 的排放及其微量金属成分，特别是机动车和生物质燃烧产生的微量金属。

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来源期刊

Environmental Earth Sciences 环境科学-地球科学综合

CiteScore

5.10

自引率

3.60%

发文量

494

审稿时长

8.3 months

期刊介绍： Environmental Earth Sciences is an international multidisciplinary journal concerned with all aspects of interaction between humans, natural resources, ecosystems, special climates or unique geographic zones, and the earth: Water and soil contamination caused by waste management and disposal practices Environmental problems associated with transportation by land, air, or water Geological processes that may impact biosystems or humans Man-made or naturally occurring geological or hydrological hazards Environmental problems associated with the recovery of materials from the earth Environmental problems caused by extraction of minerals, coal, and ores, as well as oil and gas, water and alternative energy sources Environmental impacts of exploration and recultivation – Environmental impacts of hazardous materials Management of environmental data and information in data banks and information systems Dissemination of knowledge on techniques, methods, approaches and experiences to improve and remediate the environment In pursuit of these topics, the geoscientific disciplines are invited to contribute their knowledge and experience. Major disciplines include: hydrogeology, hydrochemistry, geochemistry, geophysics, engineering geology, remediation science, natural resources management, environmental climatology and biota, environmental geography, soil science and geomicrobiology.