Comprehensive Glare Hazard Analysis of Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) Based Frontsheet for Flexible Photovoltaic Applications

IF 2.5 3区工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS

IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3463961

K. P. Sreejith;Vijay Venkatesh;Govind Padmakumar;Arno H. M. Smets

{"title":"Comprehensive Glare Hazard Analysis of Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) Based Frontsheet for Flexible Photovoltaic Applications","authors":"K. P. Sreejith;Vijay Venkatesh;Govind Padmakumar;Arno H. M. Smets","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3463961","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Photovoltaic (PV) panel installations in buildings and transportation hubs pose additional safety challenges as the glare from the panels can impose adverse impacts like flash blindness in human eyes. This study substantiates that polymer encapsulated thin film modules offer significantly low glare levels that are essential for building integrated and transport hub installations. In this work, the glare hazard potential associated with matt ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)-based polymer sheet used as the frontsheet for the production of flexible thin amorphous silicon (a-Si) PV modules is studied and compared with standard PV glass used in crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV panels. The specular reflectance extracted from the measured total and diffuse reflectance for an angle of incidence (AOI) of 8\n<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{\\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>\n and the angular intensity distribution (AID) of specular reflectance measured for AOI ranging from 10\n<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{\\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>\n to 80\n<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{\\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>\n are utilized for glare assessment of the frontsheets. The mean value of specular reflectance extracted from the measured total and diffused reflectance is as low as \n<inline-formula><tex-math>$< $</tex-math></inline-formula>\n0.5% for the polymer frontsheet and is \n<inline-formula><tex-math>$>$</tex-math></inline-formula>\n4% for glass. The AID measurements suggest that the reflection from the polymer frontsheet is highly diffusive in nature in contrast to glass and the measured specular reflectance is always close to a magnitude lower than that from glass for all AOI. With the increase in AOI, the specular AID reflectance increases exponentially for glass to become as high as 40%, which is almost 20 times less than that from the polymer frontsheet for an AOI of 80\n<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{\\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>\n. Further, the c-Si test structure with glass and thin a-Si PV module with matt ETFE-based polymer as frontsheet showed similar specular reflectance trends as that of glass and the polymer frontsheet, respectively.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"14 6","pages":"930-936"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5000,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10717448/","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENERGY & FUELS","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Photovoltaic (PV) panel installations in buildings and transportation hubs pose additional safety challenges as the glare from the panels can impose adverse impacts like flash blindness in human eyes. This study substantiates that polymer encapsulated thin film modules offer significantly low glare levels that are essential for building integrated and transport hub installations. In this work, the glare hazard potential associated with matt ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)-based polymer sheet used as the frontsheet for the production of flexible thin amorphous silicon (a-Si) PV modules is studied and compared with standard PV glass used in crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV panels. The specular reflectance extracted from the measured total and diffuse reflectance for an angle of incidence (AOI) of 8

$^{\circ }$

and the angular intensity distribution (AID) of specular reflectance measured for AOI ranging from 10

$^{\circ }$

to 80

$^{\circ }$

are utilized for glare assessment of the frontsheets. The mean value of specular reflectance extracted from the measured total and diffused reflectance is as low as

$< $

0.5% for the polymer frontsheet and is

$>$

4% for glass. The AID measurements suggest that the reflection from the polymer frontsheet is highly diffusive in nature in contrast to glass and the measured specular reflectance is always close to a magnitude lower than that from glass for all AOI. With the increase in AOI, the specular AID reflectance increases exponentially for glass to become as high as 40%, which is almost 20 times less than that from the polymer frontsheet for an AOI of 80

$^{\circ }$

. Further, the c-Si test structure with glass and thin a-Si PV module with matt ETFE-based polymer as frontsheet showed similar specular reflectance trends as that of glass and the polymer frontsheet, respectively.

查看原文本刊更多论文

基于乙烯-四氟乙烯 (ETFE) 的柔性光伏应用面板的眩光危害综合分析

在建筑物和交通枢纽中安装光伏（PV）电池板会带来额外的安全挑战，因为电池板产生的眩光会对人眼造成闪瞎等不利影响。本研究证实，聚合物封装薄膜模块可显著降低眩光水平，这对建筑一体化和交通枢纽安装至关重要。在这项工作中，研究了用于生产柔性非晶硅（a-Si）薄膜光伏组件的无光泽乙烯-四氟乙烯（ETFE）基聚合物片材的眩光潜在危害，并将其与晶体硅（c-Si）光伏面板中使用的标准光伏玻璃进行了比较。利用入射角为 8$^{\circ }$ 时从测量的总反射率和漫反射率中提取的镜面反射率，以及入射角为 10$^{\circ }$ 至 80$^{\circ }$ 时测量的镜面反射率的角强度分布 (AID) 来评估面板的眩光。从测得的总反射率和漫反射率中提取的镜面反射率平均值，聚合物面板低至 $<$0.5%，玻璃面板为 $>$4%。AID 测量结果表明，与玻璃相比，聚合物面板的反射具有高度漫反射的性质，在所有 AOI 条件下，测得的镜面反射率总是比玻璃的镜面反射率低接近一个量级。随着 AOI 的增加，玻璃的 AID 镜面反射率呈指数增加，高达 40%，在 AOI 为 80$^{\circ }$ 时，比聚合物面板的镜面反射率低近 20 倍。此外，使用玻璃的晶体硅测试结构和使用哑光 ETFE 基聚合物作为面板的薄型晶体硅光伏模块分别显示出与玻璃和聚合物面板相似的镜面反射趋势。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics ENERGY & FUELS-MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

CiteScore

7.00

自引率

10.00%

发文量

206

期刊介绍： The IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics is a peer-reviewed, archival publication reporting original and significant research results that advance the field of photovoltaics (PV). The PV field is diverse in its science base ranging from semiconductor and PV device physics to optics and the materials sciences. The journal publishes articles that connect this science base to PV science and technology. The intent is to publish original research results that are of primary interest to the photovoltaic specialist. The scope of the IEEE J. Photovoltaics incorporates: fundamentals and new concepts of PV conversion, including those based on nanostructured materials, low-dimensional physics, multiple charge generation, up/down converters, thermophotovoltaics, hot-carrier effects, plasmonics, metamorphic materials, luminescent concentrators, and rectennas; Si-based PV, including new cell designs, crystalline and non-crystalline Si, passivation, characterization and Si crystal growth; polycrystalline, amorphous and crystalline thin-film solar cell materials, including PV structures and solar cells based on II-VI, chalcopyrite, Si and other thin film absorbers; III-V PV materials, heterostructures, multijunction devices and concentrator PV; optics for light trapping, reflection control and concentration; organic PV including polymer, hybrid and dye sensitized solar cells; space PV including cell materials and PV devices, defects and reliability, environmental effects and protective materials; PV modeling and characterization methods; and other aspects of PV, including modules, power conditioning, inverters, balance-of-systems components, monitoring, analyses and simulations, and supporting PV module standards and measurements. Tutorial and review papers on these subjects are also published and occasionally special issues are published to treat particular areas in more depth and breadth.