National school food standards in England: a cross-sectional study to explore compliance in secondary schools and impact on pupil nutritional intake.

IF 5.6 1区 医学 Q1 NUTRITION & DIETETICS
Miranda Pallan, Marie Murphy, Breanna Morrison, Alice Sitch, Ashley Adamson, Suzanne Bartington, Alexandra Dobell, Rhona Duff, Emma Frew, Tania Griffin, Kiya Hurley, Emma Lancashire, Louise McLeman, Sandra Passmore, Irina Pokhilenko, Maisie Rowland, Vahid Ravaghi, Suzanne Spence, Peymane Adab
{"title":"National school food standards in England: a cross-sectional study to explore compliance in secondary schools and impact on pupil nutritional intake.","authors":"Miranda Pallan, Marie Murphy, Breanna Morrison, Alice Sitch, Ashley Adamson, Suzanne Bartington, Alexandra Dobell, Rhona Duff, Emma Frew, Tania Griffin, Kiya Hurley, Emma Lancashire, Louise McLeman, Sandra Passmore, Irina Pokhilenko, Maisie Rowland, Vahid Ravaghi, Suzanne Spence, Peymane Adab","doi":"10.1186/s12966-024-01672-w","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Many countries have introduced school food standards to improve the dietary intakes of school-aged children. England has school food standards (SFS) legislation in place but little is known about how well secondary schools comply with this. We aimed to assess compliance with the SFS legislation in English secondary schools and explore the impact of the SFS on pupils' nutritional intake.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a cross-sectional study with English secondary schools from 2019 to 2022. We compared SFS compliance and pupil nutritional intake in schools mandated or not mandated to comply with the SFS legislation, and explored the association between school compliance and pupil nutritional intake. We assessed the percentage of SFS (%SFS) complied with by reviewing school food menus and observing food served in school canteens. We assessed pupil nutritional intake using a 24-hour dietary recall measure (Intake24) and estimated intakes of free sugar (primary outcome) and other nutrients/foods. We used adjusted multilevel models to compare pupil intakes in the SFS-mandated and SFS-non-mandated schools, and to explore the association between school SFS compliance and pupil intakes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>36 schools (23 not mandated and 13 mandated to comply with the SFS) and 2,273 pupils participated. The median %SFS complied with was 63.9% (interquartile range 60.0-70.0%). This was similar for SFS-non-mandated (64.5%) and SFS-mandated schools (63.3%). Compliance was highest for standards applying to lunchtime (median = 81.3%) and lowest for those applying across the whole school day (median = 41.7%). It was also lower for standards restricting high fat, sugar and energy-dense items (median = 26.1%) than for standards aiming to increase dietary variety (median = 92.3%). Pupils from SFS-mandated schools had a lower mean lunchtime intake of free sugar (g) (adjusted mean difference: -2.78g; 95% CI: -4.66g to -0.90g). There were few significant associations between %SFS complied with and pupil nutritional intake.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>English secondary schools do not fully comply with SFS legislation regardless of whether they are mandated to comply. Schools and caterers may require monitoring and support to fully comply. There is little evidence that SFS compliance is associated with better pupil nutritional intake. Food environments outside of school also need to be considered.</p><p><strong>Study registration: </strong>ISRCTN68757496 (17-10-2019).</p>","PeriodicalId":50336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6000,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11515374/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-024-01672-w","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"NUTRITION & DIETETICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background: Many countries have introduced school food standards to improve the dietary intakes of school-aged children. England has school food standards (SFS) legislation in place but little is known about how well secondary schools comply with this. We aimed to assess compliance with the SFS legislation in English secondary schools and explore the impact of the SFS on pupils' nutritional intake.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with English secondary schools from 2019 to 2022. We compared SFS compliance and pupil nutritional intake in schools mandated or not mandated to comply with the SFS legislation, and explored the association between school compliance and pupil nutritional intake. We assessed the percentage of SFS (%SFS) complied with by reviewing school food menus and observing food served in school canteens. We assessed pupil nutritional intake using a 24-hour dietary recall measure (Intake24) and estimated intakes of free sugar (primary outcome) and other nutrients/foods. We used adjusted multilevel models to compare pupil intakes in the SFS-mandated and SFS-non-mandated schools, and to explore the association between school SFS compliance and pupil intakes.

Results: 36 schools (23 not mandated and 13 mandated to comply with the SFS) and 2,273 pupils participated. The median %SFS complied with was 63.9% (interquartile range 60.0-70.0%). This was similar for SFS-non-mandated (64.5%) and SFS-mandated schools (63.3%). Compliance was highest for standards applying to lunchtime (median = 81.3%) and lowest for those applying across the whole school day (median = 41.7%). It was also lower for standards restricting high fat, sugar and energy-dense items (median = 26.1%) than for standards aiming to increase dietary variety (median = 92.3%). Pupils from SFS-mandated schools had a lower mean lunchtime intake of free sugar (g) (adjusted mean difference: -2.78g; 95% CI: -4.66g to -0.90g). There were few significant associations between %SFS complied with and pupil nutritional intake.

Conclusions: English secondary schools do not fully comply with SFS legislation regardless of whether they are mandated to comply. Schools and caterers may require monitoring and support to fully comply. There is little evidence that SFS compliance is associated with better pupil nutritional intake. Food environments outside of school also need to be considered.

Study registration: ISRCTN68757496 (17-10-2019).

英格兰国家学校食品标准:一项横断面研究,旨在探讨中学遵守该标准的情况及其对学生营养摄入的影响。
背景:许多国家都引入了学校食品标准,以改善学龄儿童的膳食摄入量。英格兰已制定了学校食品标准(SFS)法规,但人们对中学遵守该法规的情况知之甚少。我们的目的是评估英国中学遵守学校食品标准法规的情况,并探讨学校食品标准对学生营养摄入的影响:我们在 2019 年至 2022 年期间对英国中学进行了一项横断面研究。我们比较了强制或非强制遵守 SFS 法规的学校的 SFS 合规性和学生营养摄入量,并探讨了学校合规性与学生营养摄入量之间的关联。我们通过审查学校食品菜单和观察学校食堂供应的食品,评估了学校遵守校餐标准的百分比(%SFS)。我们使用 24 小时膳食回忆测量法(Intake24)评估了学生的营养摄入量,并估算了游离糖(主要结果)和其他营养素/食品的摄入量。我们使用调整后的多层次模型来比较 "小学生营养餐计划 "实施学校和 "小学生营养餐计划 "未实施学校的学生摄入量,并探讨学校 "小学生营养餐计划 "实施情况与学生摄入量之间的关系:共有 36 所学校(23 所未强制实施和 13 所强制实施)和 2 273 名学生参与了研究。遵守 SFS 的百分比中位数为 63.9%(四分位间范围为 60.0-70.0%)。非强制性学校(64.5%)和强制性学校(63.3%)的情况相似。適用於午膳時間的標準達標率最高(中位數=81.3%),而適用於上課全日的標準達標率最低 (中位數=41.7%)。限制高脂肪、高糖和高能量食物的标准(中位数 = 26.1%)也低于旨在增加膳食种类的标准(中位数 = 92.3%)。实行 "学生健康标准 "学校的学生午餐时摄入的游离糖平均量(克)较低(调整后的平均差异:-2.78克;95% CI:-4.66克至-0.90克)。遵守 SFS 的百分比与学生营养摄入量之间几乎没有明显关联:英国中学无论是否被强制要求遵守 SFS 法规,都没有完全遵守。学校和膳食供应商可能需要监督和支持才能完全遵守。几乎没有证据表明,遵守 "特殊膳食标准 "与提高学生营养摄入量有关。还需要考虑校外的食品环境:ISRCTN68757496 (17-10-2019).
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
求助全文
约1分钟内获得全文 求助全文
来源期刊
CiteScore
13.80
自引率
3.40%
发文量
138
审稿时长
4-8 weeks
期刊介绍: International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (IJBNPA) is an open access, peer-reviewed journal offering high quality articles, rapid publication and wide diffusion in the public domain. IJBNPA is devoted to furthering the understanding of the behavioral aspects of diet and physical activity and is unique in its inclusion of multiple levels of analysis, including populations, groups and individuals and its inclusion of epidemiology, and behavioral, theoretical and measurement research areas.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信