{"title":"Role of T Lymphocytes in Glioma Immune Microenvironment: Two Sides of a Coin.","authors":"Laiba Noor, Arun Upadhyay, Vibhuti Joshi","doi":"10.3390/biology13100846","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glioma is known for its immunosuppressive microenvironment, which makes it challenging to target through immunotherapies. Immune cells like macrophages, microglia, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and T lymphocytes are known to infiltrate the glioma tumor microenvironment and regulate immune response distinctively. Among the variety of immune cells, T lymphocytes have highly complex and multifaceted roles in the glioma immune landscape. T lymphocytes, which include CD4<sup>+</sup> helper and CD8<sup>+</sup> cytotoxic T cells, are known for their pivotal roles in anti-tumor responses. However, these cells may behave differently in the highly dynamic glioma microenvironment, for example, via an immune invasion mechanism enforced by tumor cells. Therefore, T lymphocytes play dual roles in glioma immunity, firstly by their anti-tumor responses, and secondly by exploiting gliomas to promote immune invasion. As an immunosuppression strategy, glioma induces T-cell exhaustion and suppression of effector T cells by regulatory T cells (Tregs) or by altering their signaling pathways. Further, the expression of immune checkpoint inhibitors on the glioma cell surface leads to T cell anergy and dysfunction. Overall, this dynamic interplay between T lymphocytes and glioma is crucial for designing more effective immunotherapies. The current review provides detailed knowledge on the roles of T lymphocytes in the glioma immune microenvironment and helps to explore novel therapeutic approaches to reinvigorate T lymphocytes.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6000,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11505600/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Biology-Basel","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13100846","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Glioma is known for its immunosuppressive microenvironment, which makes it challenging to target through immunotherapies. Immune cells like macrophages, microglia, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and T lymphocytes are known to infiltrate the glioma tumor microenvironment and regulate immune response distinctively. Among the variety of immune cells, T lymphocytes have highly complex and multifaceted roles in the glioma immune landscape. T lymphocytes, which include CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, are known for their pivotal roles in anti-tumor responses. However, these cells may behave differently in the highly dynamic glioma microenvironment, for example, via an immune invasion mechanism enforced by tumor cells. Therefore, T lymphocytes play dual roles in glioma immunity, firstly by their anti-tumor responses, and secondly by exploiting gliomas to promote immune invasion. As an immunosuppression strategy, glioma induces T-cell exhaustion and suppression of effector T cells by regulatory T cells (Tregs) or by altering their signaling pathways. Further, the expression of immune checkpoint inhibitors on the glioma cell surface leads to T cell anergy and dysfunction. Overall, this dynamic interplay between T lymphocytes and glioma is crucial for designing more effective immunotherapies. The current review provides detailed knowledge on the roles of T lymphocytes in the glioma immune microenvironment and helps to explore novel therapeutic approaches to reinvigorate T lymphocytes.
胶质瘤以其免疫抑制微环境而闻名,这使其成为免疫疗法的靶点具有挑战性。众所周知,巨噬细胞、小胶质细胞、髓源抑制细胞和T淋巴细胞等免疫细胞会浸润胶质瘤肿瘤微环境,并独特地调节免疫反应。在各种免疫细胞中,T 淋巴细胞在胶质瘤免疫环境中发挥着高度复杂和多方面的作用。T淋巴细胞包括CD4+辅助性T细胞和CD8+细胞毒性T细胞,它们在抗肿瘤反应中发挥着举足轻重的作用。然而,这些细胞在高度动态的胶质瘤微环境中可能会表现出不同的行为,例如,通过肿瘤细胞实施的免疫入侵机制。因此,T 淋巴细胞在胶质瘤免疫中扮演着双重角色,首先是通过其抗肿瘤反应,其次是利用胶质瘤促进免疫入侵。作为一种免疫抑制策略,胶质瘤会诱导 T 细胞衰竭,并通过调节性 T 细胞(Tregs)或改变其信号通路来抑制效应 T 细胞。此外,免疫检查点抑制剂在胶质瘤细胞表面的表达也会导致 T 细胞衰竭和功能障碍。总之,T 淋巴细胞与胶质瘤之间的这种动态相互作用对于设计更有效的免疫疗法至关重要。本综述详细介绍了 T 淋巴细胞在胶质瘤免疫微环境中的作用,有助于探索重振 T 淋巴细胞的新型治疗方法。
期刊介绍:
Biology (ISSN 2079-7737) is an international, peer-reviewed, quick-refereeing open access journal of Biological Science published by MDPI online. It publishes reviews, research papers and communications in all areas of biology and at the interface of related disciplines. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced. Electronic files regarding the full details of the experimental procedure, if unable to be published in a normal way, can be deposited as supplementary material.