Toxic Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Hematological and Plasma Biochemical Parameters in Fish: A Review.

IF 3.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Toxics Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI:10.3390/toxics12100699

Young-Bin Yu, Ju-Wook Lee, A-Hyun Jo, Young Jae Choi, Cheol Young Choi, Ju-Chan Kang, Jun-Hwan Kim

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Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential trace element that poses significant toxic effects on fish. This review focuses on hematological and plasma biochemical parameters as key indicators of fish health under Cd exposure. Hematological parameters, such as red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and hematocrit (Ht), were selected for their critical role in oxygen transport and their sensitivity to Cd-induced disruptions, which often result in anemia and impaired oxygen delivery to tissues. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) provide further insights into erythropoiesis and hemoglobin synthesis, both of which are essential for assessing Cd toxicity. Plasma biochemical parameters, including calcium, magnesium, glucose, cholesterol, total protein, and liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), are crucial for understanding ionic balance, metabolic regulation, and organ function, especially in fish exposed to Cd. These biomarkers offer a comprehensive view of the physiological stress and organ damage caused by Cd toxicity. This review synthesizes literature findings on the toxic effects of Cd on these parameters. It also discusses potential mitigation strategies, including dietary supplementation with antioxidants and trace elements, to counteract the harmful effects of Cd exposure.

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镉暴露对鱼类血液学和血浆生化参数的毒性影响：综述。

镉（Cd）是一种非必需的微量元素，对鱼类的毒性影响很大。本综述侧重于血液学和血浆生化参数，这些参数是鱼类在接触镉后健康状况的关键指标。之所以选择红细胞（RBC）计数、血红蛋白（Hb）浓度和血细胞比容（Ht）等血液学参数，是因为它们在氧气运输中起着关键作用，而且对镉引起的干扰很敏感，镉引起的干扰通常会导致贫血和组织供氧受损。平均血球容积（MCV）、平均血球血红蛋白（MCH）和平均血球血红蛋白浓度（MCHC）进一步揭示了红细胞生成和血红蛋白合成的情况，这两项指标对于评估镉毒性至关重要。血浆生化指标，包括钙、镁、葡萄糖、胆固醇、总蛋白和肝酶，如天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）和碱性磷酸酶（ALP），对于了解离子平衡、代谢调节和器官功能至关重要，尤其是暴露于镉的鱼类。这些生物标志物可全面反映镉毒性造成的生理压力和器官损伤。本综述综述了有关镉对这些参数毒性影响的文献研究结果。它还讨论了潜在的缓解策略，包括通过膳食补充抗氧化剂和微量元素来抵消镉暴露的有害影响。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Toxics Chemical Engineering-Chemical Health and Safety

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

10.90%

发文量

681

审稿时长

6 weeks

期刊介绍： The Journal accepts papers describing work that furthers our understanding of the exposure, effects, and risks of chemicals and materials in humans and the natural environment as well as approaches to assess and/or manage the toxicological and ecotoxicological risks of chemicals and materials. The journal covers a wide range of toxic substances, including metals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, biocides, nanomaterials, and polymers such as micro- and mesoplastics. Toxics accepts papers covering: The occurrence, transport, and fate of chemicals and materials in different systems (e.g., food, air, water, soil); Exposure of humans and the environment to toxic chemicals and materials as well as modelling and experimental approaches for characterizing the exposure in, e.g., water, air, soil, food, and consumer products; Uptake, metabolism, and effects of chemicals and materials in a wide range of systems including in-vitro toxicological assays, aquatic and terrestrial organisms and ecosystems, model mammalian systems, and humans; Approaches to assess the risks of chemicals and materials to humans and the environment; Methodologies to eliminate or reduce the exposure of humans and the environment to toxic chemicals and materials.