Endocrine-Disruptive Effects of Adenylate Cyclase Activator Forskolin: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence.

Abstract

Forskolin (FSK) is a potent adenylate cyclase activator and may display endocrine-disruptive effects via the disruption of steroidogenesis. Here, we tested this hypothesis by use of the in vitro H295R steroidogenesis assay and the in vivo long-term medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposure assay. The results from the H295R assay demonstrated that the transcriptional levels of a series of genes involved in steroidogenesis, including HSD3B2, CYP11A, CYP11B2, CYP17, CYP19, and CYP21, were remarkably up-regulated. Meanwhile, the productions of estrogens (17β-estradiol (17β-E₂) and estrone (E₁)) and progestins (progesterone (PGT) and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-HPT)) were significantly increased, and those of androgens (androstenedione (ADD) and testosterone (TTR)) were significantly inhibited. After waterborne exposure of medaka to FSK for 100 days, the gene expressions of HMGR, HSD17B1, CYP17B, CYP19A, and CYP21A were significantly enhanced in the gonads of male medaka. 17β-E2 was remarkably induced, although without statistical significance. In addition, the biomarker genes for estrogenicity, including VTG-I, VTG-II, CHG-H, and CHG-L, were significantly induced in male medaka livers. Pathological damage to their gonads was further identified. Therefore, the results demonstrated that FSK modulates the transcriptions of steroidogenesis genes and alters hormone levels in vitro and in vivo, which is a mark of endocrine disruption in organisms.