Development and validation of the four-item Concise Aging adults Smell Test to screen for olfactory dysfunction in older adults.

IF 7.2 2区 医学 Q1 OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
Zachary M Soler, Mathew J Gregoski, Preeti Kohli, Kristina A LaPointe, Rodney J Schlosser
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Abstract

Background: Olfactory dysfunction (OD) in the elderly is common and associated with numerous comorbidities, yet often underrecognized. This study sought to develop an instrument for widespread screening of this condition.

Methods: Demographic factors, comorbidities, and olfactory-related questions were examined in a focus group (N = 20) and development cohort (N = 190). The 4-item Concise Aging adults Smell Test (4-CAST) screening instrument was then developed to predict OD on Sniffin Sticks testing. An independent validation cohort (N = 147) was then examined to confirm ability of the 4-CAST to predict OD on Smell Identification Test 40 (SIT40).

Results: The most important variables for predicting olfactory loss in older subjects were age, type II diabetes status, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) of overall rating of smell, and VAS of impact of smell upon safety. In the development cohort, the 4-CAST model yielded predictive probability (area under the curve) of 0.805 (p < 0.001) for predicting the bottom 25th percentile on Sniffin Sticks. Results were similar in the validation cohort, as the 4-CAST accurately classified 83.8% subjects (area under the curve [AUC] 0.789, p < 0.001) in the bottom 25th percentile of SIT40 testing. The 4-CAST was able to accurately classify 89.4% of subjects with anosmia.

Conclusion: The 4-CAST is a quick screening instrument for predicting OD in older adults and has similar performance characteristics in independent populations using the two most common validated olfactory tests. Given the high prevalence of unrecognized olfactory loss in this population, this can be a useful tool for practitioners to determine which subjects may benefit from more extensive olfactory testing.

开发并验证用于筛查老年人嗅觉功能障碍的四项简明老年人嗅觉测试。
背景:老年人的嗅觉功能障碍(OD)很常见,与多种并发症相关,但往往未被充分认识。本研究旨在为广泛筛查这种疾病开发一种工具:方法:通过焦点小组(20 人)和发展队列(190 人)研究了人口统计学因素、合并症和嗅觉相关问题。然后开发了 4 项简明老龄成人嗅觉测试(4-CAST)筛查工具,用于预测嗅棒测试中的 OD。然后对一个独立的验证组群(N = 147)进行检查,以确认 4-CAST 预测嗅觉识别测试 40 (SIT40) OD 的能力:结果:预测老年受试者嗅觉丧失的最重要变量是年龄、II型糖尿病状态、嗅觉总体评分视觉模拟量表(VAS)和嗅觉对安全影响的视觉模拟量表。在开发队列中,4-CAST 模型的预测概率(曲线下面积)为 0.805(p 结论:4-CAST 是一种快速筛查嗅觉损失的方法:4-CAST 是预测老年人 OD 的快速筛查工具,在使用两种最常见的有效嗅觉测试的独立人群中具有相似的性能特征。鉴于老年人群中未被发现的嗅觉缺失发生率较高,该工具可作为从业人员的有用工具,用于确定哪些受试者可能受益于更广泛的嗅觉测试。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
11.70
自引率
10.90%
发文量
185
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: International Forum of Allergy & Rhinologyis a peer-reviewed scientific journal, and the Official Journal of the American Rhinologic Society and the American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy. International Forum of Allergy Rhinology provides a forum for clinical researchers, basic scientists, clinicians, and others to publish original research and explore controversies in the medical and surgical treatment of patients with otolaryngic allergy, rhinologic, and skull base conditions. The application of current research to the management of otolaryngic allergy, rhinologic, and skull base diseases and the need for further investigation will be highlighted.
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