Field-deployable pencil lead-based electrochemical cell for the determination of the emerging contaminant and antidepressant drug venlafaxine in wastewater.

IF 10.7 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOPHYSICS
Biosensors and Bioelectronics Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-16 DOI:10.1016/j.bios.2024.116851
Maria Cerrato-Alvarez, Pablo Rioboó-Legaspi, Estefania Costa-Rama, M Teresa Fernández-Abedul
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Abstract

Screening and quantification of emerging contaminants in water is of enormous relevance due to its scarcity and harmful effects on aquatic life and human health. We present a simple and cost-effective electrochemical cell for determination of the antidepressant venlafaxine, an emerging contaminant included in the EU Watch list 2022. The cell consists of pencil leads used as electrodes and a microcentrifuge tube. Modification of the working electrode with carbon nanomaterials improved the signal. Cell-related (e.g., type of pencil leads or electroactive area) as well as experimental (e.g., pH, accumulation potential and time, and scan rate) parameters were thoroughly optimized. The adsorptive nature of venlafaxine process allowed the use of an adsorptive stripping square wave voltammetry methodology to increase the sensitivity. Under optimized variables, a linear range from 0.8 to 10 μmol L-1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.996, a sensitivity of 1.48 μmol L-1, a LOD of 0.4 μmol L-1 and a RSD of 2.4 % were achieved. Selectivity was also studied, especially with respect to the main metabolite, o-desmethylvenlafaxine. The methodology distinguishes its signal from that of the main compound, allowing its determination. A similar linear range was obtained for the metabolite, with a LOD of 0.6 μmol L-1. The platform developed was applied for venlafaxine quantification in spiked wastewaters from the Febros plant in Portugal, obtaining satisfactory recoveries. Furthermore, the versatility of pencil leads made it possible to combine them with modified paper for sampling and buffering in order to decentralize the determination, showing promising results.

用于检测废水中新出现的污染物和抗抑郁药物文拉法辛的现场部署铅笔式电化学电池。
由于水体中新出现污染物的稀缺性及其对水生生物和人类健康的有害影响,对其进行筛选和定量具有重要意义。我们介绍了一种用于测定抗抑郁药文拉法辛(一种被列入欧盟 2022 年观察清单的新兴污染物)的简单而经济的电化学电池。该样品池由用作电极的铅笔芯和微离心管组成。用碳纳米材料对工作电极进行改性后,信号得到改善。与细胞相关的参数(如铅笔芯类型或电活性区域)和实验参数(如 pH 值、蓄积电位和时间以及扫描速率)都得到了全面优化。由于文拉法辛具有吸附性,因此可以使用吸附剥离方波伏安法来提高灵敏度。在优化变量条件下,该方法的线性范围为 0.8 至 10 μmol L-1,相关系数为 0.996,灵敏度为 1.48 μmol L-1,LOD 为 0.4 μmol L-1,RSD 为 2.4%。此外,还研究了选择性,尤其是对主要代谢物邻去甲文拉法辛的选择性。该方法可将其信号与主化合物信号区分开来,从而对其进行测定。代谢物的线性范围相似,LOD 为 0.6 μmol L-1。所开发的平台被用于葡萄牙 Febros 工厂废水中文拉法辛的定量分析,回收率令人满意。此外,铅笔芯的多功能性使其有可能与用于采样和缓冲的改良纸结合使用,以分散测定,结果令人鼓舞。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Biosensors and Bioelectronics
Biosensors and Bioelectronics 工程技术-电化学
CiteScore
20.80
自引率
7.10%
发文量
1006
审稿时长
29 days
期刊介绍: Biosensors & Bioelectronics, along with its open access companion journal Biosensors & Bioelectronics: X, is the leading international publication in the field of biosensors and bioelectronics. It covers research, design, development, and application of biosensors, which are analytical devices incorporating biological materials with physicochemical transducers. These devices, including sensors, DNA chips, electronic noses, and lab-on-a-chip, produce digital signals proportional to specific analytes. Examples include immunosensors and enzyme-based biosensors, applied in various fields such as medicine, environmental monitoring, and food industry. The journal also focuses on molecular and supramolecular structures for enhancing device performance.
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