Nationwide profiling and source identification of organophosphate esters in Korean surface waters using target, suspect, and non-target HRMS analysis

IF 8.1 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Chemosphere Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143579

Daeho Kang , Heewon Jang , Sori Mok , Jun Yub Kim , Younghun Choi , Sun-Hong Lee , Sojeong Han , Tae Jin Park , Hyo-Bang Moon , Junho Jeon

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are emerging contaminants that serve as alternatives to regulated substances in aquatic environments. A nationwide large-scale assessment for OPEs, including point sources, remains insufficient. To address this issue, we aimed to investigate OPEs occurrence and novel OPEs via comprehensive target, suspect and non-target analysis. Among the 11 target OPEs, 10 were detected at sampling sites distributed evenly nationwide. The highest mean concentrations were measured for tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP). The multivariate statistical analysis revealed that TBOEP and TCIPP are essential components for assessing total OPEs pollution. The systematic risk assessment results evaluated the overall risk contribution of TBOEP and the significant risk impact of 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate. Promising suspect and non-target analysis enabled frequent detection and identification of 6 antioxidant transformation products (TPs), as well as the tentative identification of 14 OPEs and TPs, including 3 di-OPEs. Based on sampling site classification, we confirmed that major OPEs are significantly discharged near point sources. We believe that this is the first attempt to assess the nationwide risk and potential sources of OPEs in Korean surface waters, providing insights that could support further prioritization and regulation efforts.

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利用目标、疑似和非目标 HRMS 分析对韩国全国地表水中的有机磷酯进行剖析和来源鉴定。

有机磷酸酯 (OPE) 是一种新出现的污染物，可作为水生环境中受管制物质的替代品。针对 OPE（包括点源）的全国性大规模评估仍然不足。针对这一问题，我们旨在通过全面的目标、可疑和非目标分析，调查 OPEs 的发生情况和新型 OPEs。在 11 种目标 OPE 中，有 10 种是在全国均匀分布的采样点检测到的。平均浓度最高的是磷酸三（2-丁氧基乙基）酯（TBOEP）和磷酸三（2-氯异丙基）酯（TCIPP）。多元统计分析显示，磷酸三（2-丁氧基乙基）酯和磷酸三（2-氯异丙基）酯是评估 OPEs 总污染的重要组成部分。系统风险评估结果评估了 TBOEP 的总体风险贡献和 2-乙基己基二苯基磷酸酯的重大风险影响。通过对可疑目标和非目标的分析，我们发现并确定了 6 种抗氧化剂转化产物（TPs），并初步确定了 14 种 OPE 和 TPs，其中包括 3 种二 OPE。根据采样点分类，我们确认主要的 OPE 在点源附近有大量排放。我们认为，这是首次尝试评估韩国地表水中 OPE 的全国性风险和潜在来源，为进一步确定优先次序和监管工作提供了支持。

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来源期刊

Chemosphere 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

15.80

自引率

8.00%

发文量

4975

审稿时长

3.4 months

期刊介绍： Chemosphere, being an international multidisciplinary journal, is dedicated to publishing original communications and review articles on chemicals in the environment. The scope covers a wide range of topics, including the identification, quantification, behavior, fate, toxicology, treatment, and remediation of chemicals in the bio-, hydro-, litho-, and atmosphere, ensuring the broad dissemination of research in this field.