Evolution of and structures involved in wing folding in featherwing beetles (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae)

IF 1.7 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY
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Abstract

The ability to fold the wings is an important phenomenon in insect evolution and a feature that attracts the attention of engineers who develop biomimetic technologies. Beetles of the family Ptiliidae (featherwing beetles) are unique among microinsects in their ability to fold their bristled wings under the elytra and unfold them before flight. The folding and unfolding of bristled wings and of the structures involved in these processes varies among ptiliids, but only one species, Acrotrichis sericans, has been analyzed in detail. In this study, we analyze in detail the wing folding pattern and the mechanism of the folding and unfolding of the wings in species of different lineages of Ptiliidae, using scanning electron, сonfocal laser scanning, and optical microscopy, and compare the wing-folding patterns of Ptiliidae with those of the sister group, Hydraenidae, to reconstruct the evolution of the involved structures. We confirm that the two subfamilies of Ptiliidae have two distinct patterns of wing folding: Nossidiinae has retained the ancestral (‘agyrtid’) asymmetrical pattern with overlapping wings and with folds at different angles to the wing axis, while Ptiliinae, which includes the smallest of all known beetles, has evolved a symmetrical pattern with non-overlapping wings and folds perpendicular to the wing axis, with one additional oblique fold in the genus Ptenidium. Ptiliids have a longer alacrista, which helps to lock the elytra at rest, and a more complex set of structures involved in wing folding on abdominal tergites. These genus-specific structures, which include setae and wing-folding patches on some of the tergites and the palisade fringe of setae on the posterior margin of tergite 7, help the insect to tuck the wing under the elytron and fold it after flight. The symmetrical wing-folding pattern is simpler than the wing folding patterns of most larger beetles. The obtained data on the mechanisms and patterns of the folding and unfolding of the wings in Ptiliidae elucidate the evolution of wing folding as an adaptation protecting the wings at rest. Structures involved in wing folding can be used as distinguishing characters in taxonomy. The wing-folding mechanisms of Ptiliidae may eventually be used for developing miniature biomimetic robots.
羽翅甲虫(鞘翅目:Ptiliidae)翅膀折叠的进化和相关结构。
折叠翅膀的能力是昆虫进化过程中的一个重要现象,也是吸引开发生物仿生技术的工程师关注的一个特征。羽翅甲虫(Ptiliidae)科甲虫在微小昆虫中是独一无二的,因为它们能够在飞行前将刚毛翅折叠并展开。刚毛翅的折叠和展开以及参与这些过程的结构在栉水母科昆虫中各不相同,但只有一个物种(Acrotrichis sericans)得到了详细分析。在本研究中,我们利用扫描电子显微镜、非聚焦激光扫描显微镜和光学显微镜,详细分析了桡足类不同品系物种的翅膀折叠模式以及翅膀折叠和展开的机制,并将桡足类的翅膀折叠模式与姊妹类水螅科的翅膀折叠模式进行了比较,重建了相关结构的演化过程。我们证实栉水母科的两个亚科具有两种不同的翅折叠模式:Nossidiinae保留了祖先("agyrtid")的不对称模式,翅膀重叠,褶皱与翅轴成不同角度;而Ptiliinae(包括所有已知甲虫中最小的一种)则进化出一种对称模式,翅膀不重叠,褶皱与翅轴垂直,在Ptenidium属中还有一个额外的斜褶皱。栉甲虫有一个较长的栉齿,有助于在静止时锁定背甲,腹部第3节上有一套更复杂的结构参与翅的折叠。这些种属特有的结构包括一些叶片上的刚毛和折翅斑块,以及第 7 片叶片后缘的刚毛边缘,有助于昆虫在飞行后将翅膀收在叶片下并折叠起来。这种对称的折翅模式比大多数大型甲虫的折翅模式简单。所获得的关于栉水母科昆虫折叠和展开翅膀的机制和模式的数据阐明了折叠翅膀的进化过程,这是一种在静止状态下保护翅膀的适应性进化。翅膀折叠的相关结构可作为分类学中的区分特征。桡足类的翅膀折叠机制最终可用于开发微型仿生机器人。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
3.50
自引率
10.00%
发文量
54
审稿时长
60 days
期刊介绍: Arthropod Structure & Development is a Journal of Arthropod Structural Biology, Development, and Functional Morphology; it considers manuscripts that deal with micro- and neuroanatomy, development, biomechanics, organogenesis in particular under comparative and evolutionary aspects but not merely taxonomic papers. The aim of the journal is to publish papers in the areas of functional and comparative anatomy and development, with an emphasis on the role of cellular organization in organ function. The journal will also publish papers on organogenisis, embryonic and postembryonic development, and organ or tissue regeneration and repair. Manuscripts dealing with comparative and evolutionary aspects of microanatomy and development are encouraged.
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