A Causal View on Bias in Missing Data Imputation: The Impact of Evil Auxiliary Variables on Norming of Test Scores.

IF 5.3 3区 心理学 Q1 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS
Erik Sengewald, Katinka Hardt, Marie-Ann Sengewald
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Among the most important merits of modern missing data techniques such as multiple imputation (MI) and full-information maximum likelihood estimation is the possibility to include additional information about the missingness process via auxiliary variables. During the past decade, the choice of auxiliary variables has been investigated under a variety of different conditions and more recent research points to the potentially biasing effect of certain auxiliary variables, particularly colliders (Thoemmes & Rose, 2014). In this article, we further extend biasing mechanisms of certain auxiliary variables considered in previous research and thereby focus on their effects on individual diagnosis based on norming, in which the whole distribution of a variable is of interest rather than average coefficients (e.g., means). For this, we first provide the theoretical underpinnings of the mechanisms under study and then provide two focused simulations that (i) directly expand on the collider scenario in Thoemmes and Rose (2014, appendix A) by considering outcomes that are relevant to norming and (ii) extend the scenarios under consideration by instrumental variable mechanisms. We illustrate the bias mechanisms for two different norming approaches and exemplify the procedures by means of an empirical example. We end by discussing limitations and implications of our research.

从因果角度看缺失数据估算中的偏差:邪恶辅助变量对测验分数规范化的影响。
多重估算(MI)和全信息最大似然估计等现代缺失数据技术的最重要优点之一,是可以通过辅助变量纳入有关缺失过程的额外信息。过去十年间,人们在各种不同条件下对辅助变量的选择进行了研究,最近的研究指出某些辅助变量,特别是对撞机可能会产生偏差效应(Thoemmes & Rose, 2014)。在本文中,我们将进一步扩展之前研究中考虑的某些辅助变量的偏差机制,从而关注它们对基于规范化的个体诊断的影响,在规范化中,我们关注的是变量的整体分布,而不是平均系数(如均值)。为此,我们首先提供了所研究机制的理论基础,然后提供了两个重点模拟:(i) 直接扩展 Thoemmes 和 Rose(2014 年,附录 A)中的对撞机情景,考虑与规范化相关的结果;(ii) 通过工具变量机制扩展所考虑的情景。我们说明了两种不同规范化方法的偏差机制,并通过一个实证例子举例说明了程序。最后,我们将讨论我们研究的局限性和影响。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Multivariate Behavioral Research
Multivariate Behavioral Research 数学-数学跨学科应用
CiteScore
7.60
自引率
2.60%
发文量
49
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Multivariate Behavioral Research (MBR) publishes a variety of substantive, methodological, and theoretical articles in all areas of the social and behavioral sciences. Most MBR articles fall into one of two categories. Substantive articles report on applications of sophisticated multivariate research methods to study topics of substantive interest in personality, health, intelligence, industrial/organizational, and other behavioral science areas. Methodological articles present and/or evaluate new developments in multivariate methods, or address methodological issues in current research. We also encourage submission of integrative articles related to pedagogy involving multivariate research methods, and to historical treatments of interest and relevance to multivariate research methods.
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