Verbal and Spatial Working Memory Capacity in Blind Adults and the Possible Influence of Age at Blindness Onset: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

IF 5.4 2区 心理学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES
Marta Sepúlveda-Palomo, David Del Río, Dolores Villalobos, Santiago Fernández González
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Abstract

The loss of a sense, such as vision, forces individuals to adapt to their environment and its demands in a variety of ways. In the case of blindness, significant neurofunctional and cognitive changes have been documented. However, there is no clear consensus on the differences in performance between adult blind participants and sighted controls in cognitive processes such as working memory (WM). Two variables are important, including the cognitive task used to measure working memory and the age at which vision loss occurs. This review is aimed at exploring potential disparities in verbal and spatial WM performance between blind and sighted adults, as well as understanding how these differences may be influenced by the age of vision loss. A systematic search across PsycArticles, PsycInfo, Medline, and Web of Science databases identified 21 pertinent studies. The studies were categorized, and effect sizes were calculated through meta-analysis, distinguishing between verbal (auditory simple forward and backward span, complex span, and n-back) and visuospatial WM tasks (adapted Corsi-block and simple storage tasks, imagery tasks, and complex storage tasks). Visual sensory loss induces adaptations affecting WM function in blind participants. In the verbal domain, improved phonological processing and/or serial item position encoding might facilitate WM retrieval. In contrast, in spatial WM, an over-reliance on serial processing may hinder strategic grouping in blind individuals. This review highlights the need to further explore the role of age at the time of vision loss. Although evidence suggests that adaptations to serial processing may be more pronounced in early development, particularly in comparison to those who become blind in adulthood, the available data are limited. The study calls for further research to deepen our understanding of cognitive adaptations and their temporal dynamics in response to vision loss.

失明成人的言语和空间工作记忆能力以及失明发病年龄的可能影响:系统回顾与元分析》。
视觉等感官的丧失迫使人们以各种方式适应环境及其要求。在失明的情况下,神经功能和认知能力会发生重大变化,这一点已被记录在案。然而,对于成年盲人参与者和视力正常者在认知过程(如工作记忆)中的表现差异,目前还没有明确的共识。有两个变量非常重要,包括用于测量工作记忆的认知任务和视力丧失的年龄。本综述旨在探讨失明成年人和视力正常成年人在言语和空间工作记忆能力方面可能存在的差异,并了解这些差异如何受到失明年龄的影响。通过对 PsycArticles、PsycInfo、Medline 和 Web of Science 数据库进行系统检索,我们发现了 21 项相关研究。我们对这些研究进行了分类,并通过荟萃分析计算了效应大小,区分了言语(听觉简单向前和向后跨度、复杂跨度和n-back)和视觉空间WM任务(改编的Corsi-block和简单存储任务、意象任务和复杂存储任务)。视觉感官缺失会诱发影响盲人 WM 功能的适应性变化。在言语领域,语音处理和/或序列项目位置编码的改善可能会促进 WM 检索。相反,在空间 WM 中,过度依赖序列处理可能会阻碍盲人的策略分组。这篇综述强调了进一步探讨失明时年龄的作用的必要性。虽然有证据表明,对序列处理的适应可能在发育早期更为明显,特别是与成年后失明的人相比,但现有的数据是有限的。这项研究呼吁开展进一步的研究,以加深我们对认知适应及其在视力丧失时的时间动态的理解。
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来源期刊
Neuropsychology Review
Neuropsychology Review 医学-神经科学
CiteScore
11.00
自引率
1.70%
发文量
36
期刊介绍: Neuropsychology Review is a quarterly, refereed publication devoted to integrative review papers on substantive content areas in neuropsychology, with particular focus on populations with endogenous or acquired conditions affecting brain and function and on translational research providing a mechanistic understanding of clinical problems. Publication of new data is not the purview of the journal. Articles are written by international specialists in the field, discussing such complex issues as distinctive functional features of central nervous system disease and injury; challenges in early diagnosis; the impact of genes and environment on function; risk factors for functional impairment; treatment efficacy of neuropsychological rehabilitation; the role of neuroimaging, neuroelectrophysiology, and other neurometric modalities in explicating function; clinical trial design; neuropsychological function and its substrates characteristic of normal development and aging; and neuropsychological dysfunction and its substrates in neurological, psychiatric, and medical conditions. The journal''s broad perspective is supported by an outstanding, multidisciplinary editorial review board guided by the aim to provide students and professionals, clinicians and researchers with scholarly articles that critically and objectively summarize and synthesize the strengths and weaknesses in the literature and propose novel hypotheses, methods of analysis, and links to other fields.
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