Complex Brain Morphology Discovered in the Shark Parasite Nybelinia surmenicola (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha)

IF 1.5 4区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY
Natalia M. Biserova, Anna A. Margarit
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Abstract

The ultrastructure of the nervous system has been studied in sexually mature Nybelinia surmenicola (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) from the intestine of a shark Lamna ditropis. The central nervous system (CNS) reveals a complex organization within cestodes and corresponds to the trypanorhynch pattern of brain architecture. The brain of N. surmenicola is differentiated into nine clearly defined lobes and semicircular, median, and X-shaped cruciate commissures. A specific feature is the presence of a powerful extracellular capsule that surrounds the brain lobes with the cortical glial cells. Moreover, the architecture of the anterior lobes clearly distinguishes the species of Tentacularioidea. The neurons of the anterior lobes form compact groups looking like frontal horns. There are approximately 120 neurons in the anterior lobes and a preliminary estimate of more than 300 perikarya in the brain. Several ultrastructural types of neurons have been identified, differing in the size and shape of the soma, the density of the cytoplasm, and the ultrastructure of synaptic vesicles. Numerous synapses involving clear and electron-dense vesicles have been observed in neuropils. Two types of glial cells have been found in the brain that participate in neuronal metabolism and wrap around the giant axons, brain lobes, neuropil compartments, and the main nerve cords. Such a powerful extracellular fibrillar brain capsule has not been observed in the brain of other studied cestodes and has been demonstrated in this study for the first time. The differentiation of the brain lobes reveals the important role of the rhyncheal system in the evolution of cestodes and correlates with their behavior. The anterior nerves arising from the anterior lobes innervate the radial muscles stabilizing the position of the tentacle sheaths and movements of the attachment organs. The nervous system anatomy and the brain architecture may reflect the morphofunctional aspects of the tapeworm evolution.

Abstract Image

在鲨鱼寄生虫 Nybelinia surmenicola(绦虫纲:Trypanorhyncha)中发现复杂的脑形态。
我们研究了鲨鱼肠中性成熟的 Nybelinia surmenicola(绦虫纲: Trypanorhyncha)的神经系统超微结构。中枢神经系统(CNS)显示了绦虫中复杂的组织结构,并与锥尾目动物的大脑结构模式相对应。N.surmenicola的大脑被分化成九个清晰界定的脑叶以及半圆形、中轴形和X形的十字形神经丛。一个特殊的特征是存在一个强大的细胞外囊,它与皮层神经胶质细胞一起包围着脑叶。此外,前脑叶的结构也明显区分了 Tentacularioidea 的种类。前叶的神经元形成紧凑的群体,看起来像额角。前叶中大约有 120 个神经元,初步估计大脑中有 300 多个神经元。目前已发现几种超微结构类型的神经元,它们在体节的大小和形状、细胞质的密度以及突触小泡的超微结构方面各不相同。在神经瞳孔中观察到许多涉及透明和电子致密囊泡的突触。在大脑中发现了两种类型的神经胶质细胞,它们参与神经元的新陈代谢,并包裹着巨大的轴突、脑叶、神经髓室和主要神经索。这种强大的细胞外纤维脑囊在其他已研究过的绦虫大脑中尚未观察到,在本研究中首次得到证实。脑叶的分化揭示了韵律系统在绦虫进化过程中的重要作用,并与绦虫的行为相关。前叶产生的前神经支配径向肌肉,以稳定触手鞘的位置和附着器官的运动。神经系统解剖和大脑结构可能反映了绦虫进化的形态功能方面。
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来源期刊
Journal of Morphology
Journal of Morphology 医学-解剖学与形态学
CiteScore
2.80
自引率
6.70%
发文量
119
审稿时长
1 months
期刊介绍: The Journal of Morphology welcomes articles of original research in cytology, protozoology, embryology, and general morphology. Articles generally should not exceed 35 printed pages. Preliminary notices or articles of a purely descriptive morphological or taxonomic nature are not included. No paper which has already been published will be accepted, nor will simultaneous publications elsewhere be allowed. The Journal of Morphology publishes research in functional, comparative, evolutionary and developmental morphology from vertebrates and invertebrates. Human and veterinary anatomy or paleontology are considered when an explicit connection to neontological animal morphology is presented, and the paper contains relevant information for the community of animal morphologists. Based on our long tradition, we continue to seek publishing the best papers in animal morphology.
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