Simulating PFAS transport in effluent-irrigated farmland using PRZM5, LEACHM, and HYDRUS-1D models.

IF 2.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Shuchi Liao, Uriel Garza-Rubalcava, Linda M Abriola, Heather E Preisendanz, Linda S Lee, Kurt D Pennell
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Abstract

Application of wastewater effluent to agricultural lands can serve as a sustainable approach to meet irrigation and nutrient needs for crop production. While nitrogen and phosphorous loadings can be effectively managed, concerns have been raised regarding the fate of emerging contaminants, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which are widely detected in wastewater effluent. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the ability of three unsaturated flow and transport models, Pesticide Root Zone Model 5 (PRZM5), LEACHM, and HYDRUS-1D, to predict the distribution of PFAS in the soil profile at the Pennsylvania State University Living Filter site, which has received daily wastewater effluent applications for several decades. The models were modified to include adsorption at the air-water interface (AWI), which has been shown to be an important factor governing PFAS transport and phase distribution in the vadose zone. Simulations showed that PRZM5 did not accurately reproduce the observed perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) behavior, which was attributed to the "tipping bucket" approach used for water flow that results in the disappearance of AWI during water flow. In contrast, both LEACHM and HYDRUS-1D captured the observed retention of PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) over a 50-year simulation period. Due to differences in the approach used to calculate the AWI area, LEACHM predicted greater accumulation of PFOS and PFOA at the AWI compared to HYDRUS-1D. These findings indicate that mathematical models that directly account for unsaturated water flow and adsorption at the AWI are able to provide reasonable predictions of long-term PFAS leaching resulting from land application of wastewater effluent.

利用 PRZM5、LEACHM 和 HYDRUS-1D 模型模拟污水灌溉农田中 PFAS 的迁移。
将废水排入农田可作为一种可持续的方法,满足作物生产对灌溉和养分的需求。虽然氮和磷负荷可以得到有效管理,但人们对新出现的污染物(包括在废水中广泛检测到的全氟和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS))的去向表示担忧。本文旨在评估农药根区模型 5 (PRZM5)、LEACHM 和 HYDRUS-1D 这三种非饱和流动和迁移模型预测 PFAS 在宾夕法尼亚州立大学生活过滤器场地土壤剖面中分布的能力,该场地几十年来每天都有废水排入。对模型进行了修改,以包括空气-水界面 (AWI) 的吸附,这已被证明是影响 PFAS 在黏土区迁移和相分布的一个重要因素。模拟结果表明,PRZM5 无法准确再现观察到的全氟辛烷磺酸 (PFOS) 行为,原因是水流采用了 "翻斗 "方法,导致 AWI 在水流过程中消失。相比之下,LEACHM 和 HYDRUS-1D 都捕捉到了全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟辛酸 (PFOA) 在 50 年模拟期内的滞留情况。由于计算 AWI 面积的方法不同,与 HYDRUS-1D 相比,LEACHM 预测的 AWI 处 PFOS 和 PFOA 的累积量更大。这些研究结果表明,直接考虑非饱和水流和 AWI 吸附的数学模型能够合理预测土地应用废水所产生的 PFAS 长期沥滤。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Journal of environmental quality
Journal of environmental quality 环境科学-环境科学
CiteScore
4.90
自引率
8.30%
发文量
123
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: Articles in JEQ cover various aspects of anthropogenic impacts on the environment, including agricultural, terrestrial, atmospheric, and aquatic systems, with emphasis on the understanding of underlying processes. To be acceptable for consideration in JEQ, a manuscript must make a significant contribution to the advancement of knowledge or toward a better understanding of existing concepts. The study should define principles of broad applicability, be related to problems over a sizable geographic area, or be of potential interest to a representative number of scientists. Emphasis is given to the understanding of underlying processes rather than to monitoring. Contributions are accepted from all disciplines for consideration by the editorial board. Manuscripts may be volunteered, invited, or coordinated as a special section or symposium.
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