Functionalized Nanomaterials In Pancreatic Cancer Theranostics And Molecular Imaging.

IF 2.5 4区 化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Yoghalakshmi Nagarajan, Natarajan Chandrasekaran, Venkatachalam Deepa Parvathi
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Abstract

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most fatal malignancies in the world. This lethality persists due to lack of effective and efficient treatment strategies. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive epithelial malignancy which has a high incidence rate and contributes to overall cancer fatalities. As of 2022, pancreatic cancer contributes to about 3 % of all cancers globally. Over the years, research has characterised germline predisposition, the origin cell, precursor lesions, genetic alterations, structural alterations, transcriptional changes, tumour heterogeneity, metastatic progression, and the tumour microenvironment, which has improved the understanding of PDAC carcinogenesis. By using molecular-based target therapies, these fundamental advancements support primary prevention, screening, early detection, and treatment. The focus of this review is the use of targeted nanoparticles as an alternative to conventional pancreatic cancer treatment due to the various side effects of the latter. The principles of nanoparticle based cancer therapy is efficient targeting of tumour cells via enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects and decrease the chemotherapy side effects due to their non-specificity. To increase the efficiency of existing therapies and modify target nanoparticles, several molecular markers of pancreatic cancer cells have been identified. Thus pancreatic cancer cells can be detected using appropriately functionalized nanoparticles with specific signalling molecules. Once cancer has been identified, these nanoparticles can kill the tumour by inducing hyperthermia, medication delivery, immunotherapy or gene therapy. As potent co-delivery methods for adjuvants and tumor-associated antigens; nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated significant promise as delivery vehicles in cancer therapy. This ensures the precise internalization of the functionalized nanoparticle and thus also activates the immune system effectively against tumor cells. This review also discusses the immunological factors behind the uptake of functionalized nanoparticles in cancer therapies. Theranostics, which combine imaging and therapeutic chemicals in a single nanocarrier, are the next generation of medicines. Pancreatic cancer treatment may be revolutionised by the development of a tailored nanocarrier with diagnostic, therapeutic, and imaging capabilities. It is extremely difficult to incorporate various therapeutic modalities into a single nanocarrier without compromising the individual functionalities. Surface modification of nanocarriers with antibodies or proteins will enable to attain multifunctionality which increases the efficiency of pancreatic cancer therapy.

功能化纳米材料在胰腺癌治疗和分子成像中的应用。
胰腺癌(PC)是世界上最致命的恶性肿瘤之一。由于缺乏有效和高效的治疗策略,这种致命性一直存在。胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)是一种侵袭性上皮恶性肿瘤,发病率很高,是导致癌症死亡的主要原因之一。截至 2022 年,胰腺癌约占全球癌症总数的 3%。多年来,研究人员对胰腺癌的种系易感性、起源细胞、前体病变、基因改变、结构改变、转录变化、肿瘤异质性、转移进展和肿瘤微环境进行了描述,从而加深了对胰腺癌癌变的认识。通过使用基于分子的靶向疗法,这些基础性进展为一级预防、筛查、早期检测和治疗提供了支持。本综述的重点是使用靶向纳米粒子替代传统的胰腺癌治疗,因为后者存在各种副作用。基于纳米粒子的癌症疗法的原理是通过增强渗透性和滞留(EPR)效应有效靶向肿瘤细胞,并减少化疗因其非特异性而产生的副作用。为了提高现有疗法的效率并改进纳米粒子的靶向性,已经确定了几种胰腺癌细胞的分子标记。因此,可以使用具有特定信号分子的适当功能化纳米粒子来检测胰腺癌细胞。一旦发现癌症,这些纳米粒子就可以通过诱导热疗、药物输送、免疫疗法或基因疗法杀死肿瘤。作为佐剂和肿瘤相关抗原的强效联合给药方法,纳米粒子(NPs)在癌症治疗中作为给药载体已显示出巨大的前景。这种方法可确保功能化纳米粒子的精确内化,从而有效激活免疫系统对抗肿瘤细胞。本综述还讨论了癌症疗法中功能化纳米粒子吸收背后的免疫学因素。将成像和治疗化学物质结合在单一纳米载体中的 Theranostics 是下一代药物。开发具有诊断、治疗和成像功能的定制纳米载体可能会彻底改变胰腺癌的治疗方法。要将各种治疗模式整合到单一纳米载体中而又不影响其各自的功能,是极其困难的。用抗体或蛋白质对纳米载体进行表面修饰可实现多功能性,从而提高胰腺癌治疗的效率。
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来源期刊
ChemistryOpen
ChemistryOpen CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
CiteScore
4.80
自引率
4.30%
发文量
143
审稿时长
1 months
期刊介绍: ChemistryOpen is a multidisciplinary, gold-road open-access, international forum for the publication of outstanding Reviews, Full Papers, and Communications from all areas of chemistry and related fields. It is co-owned by 16 continental European Chemical Societies, who have banded together in the alliance called ChemPubSoc Europe for the purpose of publishing high-quality journals in the field of chemistry and its border disciplines. As some of the governments of the countries represented in ChemPubSoc Europe have strongly recommended that the research conducted with their funding is freely accessible for all readers (Open Access), ChemPubSoc Europe was concerned that no journal for which the ethical standards were monitored by a chemical society was available for such papers. ChemistryOpen fills this gap.
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