Assessing Variance in Male Reproductive Skew Based on Long-Term Data in Free-Ranging Rhesus Macaques.

IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY
Anja Widdig, Lisa Engel, Angelina Ruiz-Lambides, Constance Dubuc, Brigitte M Weiß
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Abstract

The unequal share in male reproduction (male reproductive skew) has been reported across primate species. To explain the distribution of male reproduction within groups various skew models have been applied to primates, however the "dynamic tug-of-war" model first accounted for the specifics of primate sociality. This model assumes that an increase in the number of competing males, a high degree of female cycle synchrony and their interaction will result in a lower degree of male reproductive skew. Here, we first tested the predictors of this model in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) using long-term demographic and genetic data (up to 9 groups over 22 seasons) of the Cayo Santiago population (Puerto Rico). We also tested an extended version including group size and sex ratio and their interaction with female cycle synchrony. Finally, we investigated which male attributes determine the probability to become a top sire (highest paternity share per group and season). Confirming studies, male rhesus macaques exhibited low to medium degrees of reproductive skew based on the multinomial index, M. Unlike predicted, reproductive skew was higher in groups with more males. The extended analysis suggested that reproductive skew increased with group size in more male-biased groups, but decreased with group size in female-biased groups indicating that the numbers of male and female group members matter. We detected no effect of female cycle synchrony on the variance of reproductive skew. Finally, only maternal rank predicted the probability to become a top sire as long as males resided in their natal group. Together, our results did not support predictions by the dynamic skew model in rhesus macaques, but strengthen studies suggesting that other factors in addition to male-male competition predict male reproductive output in rhesus macaques. Future skew studies should consider female choice and alternative male mating strategies.

根据自由活动猕猴的长期数据评估雄性生殖偏斜的变异。
据报道,在灵长类动物中,雄性繁殖的份额不均等(雄性繁殖偏斜)。为了解释灵长类动物群体内雄性繁殖的分布情况,人们采用了各种偏斜模型,但 "动态拉锯战 "模型首先考虑到了灵长类动物社会性的特殊性。该模型假定,竞争雄性数量的增加、雌性周期的高度同步以及它们之间的相互作用将导致雄性生殖偏斜程度的降低。在这里,我们首先利用卡约圣地亚哥种群(波多黎各)的长期人口和遗传数据(多达 9 个群体,22 个季节),在猕猴(Macaca mulatta)中测试了该模型的预测因素。我们还测试了一个扩展版本,其中包括群体大小和性别比例以及它们与雌性周期同步性的交互作用。最后,我们研究了哪些雄性属性决定了成为顶级父亲的概率(每个群体和每个季节的最高父亲份额)。根据多项式指数 M,雄性猕猴表现出低到中等程度的生殖偏斜。扩展分析表明,在雄性偏多的群体中,生殖偏斜随群体大小的增加而增加,但在雌性偏多的群体中,生殖偏斜随群体大小的增加而减少,这表明雄性和雌性群体成员的数量很重要。我们没有发现雌性周期同步性对生殖偏斜方差的影响。最后,只要雄性居住在其出生的群体中,只有母系等级能预测成为顶级父系的概率。总之,我们的研究结果并不支持猕猴动态偏斜模型的预测,但却加强了有关猕猴雄性间竞争以外的其他因素对雄性繁殖产出的影响的研究。未来的倾斜研究应该考虑雌性的选择和雄性的其他交配策略。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
4.50
自引率
8.30%
发文量
103
审稿时长
4-8 weeks
期刊介绍: The objective of the American Journal of Primatology is to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas and findings among primatologists and to convey our increasing understanding of this order of animals to specialists and interested readers alike. Primatology is an unusual science in that its practitioners work in a wide variety of departments and institutions, live in countries throughout the world, and carry out a vast range of research procedures. Whether we are anthropologists, psychologists, biologists, or medical researchers, whether we live in Japan, Kenya, Brazil, or the United States, whether we conduct naturalistic observations in the field or experiments in the lab, we are united in our goal of better understanding primates. Our studies of nonhuman primates are of interest to scientists in many other disciplines ranging from entomology to sociology.
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