Chemical Fingerprinting of PM2.5 via Sequential Speciation Analysis Using Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

Chemical fingerprinting to characterize the occurrence state and abundance of organic and inorganic constituents within fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is useful in evaluating the associated health risks and tracing pollution sources. Herein, an analytical strategy for the rapid analysis of metal and organic constituents in PM2.5 was developed employing a combination of sequential chemical extraction coupled with mass spectrometry detection. H₂O, CH₃OH, EDTA-2Na, electrochemical oxidation, and electrochemical reduction were sequentially utilized to extract the chemical constituents in PM2.5 samples on a homemade device employing simultaneous online detection using two linear trap quadrupole mass spectrometers (LTQ-MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive and negative modes. After a single analytical procedure, dozens of metals (e.g., Pb, Cr, and Cu), organic compounds (e.g., amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and aliphatic acids), and negative ions (e.g., NO₃^–, NO₂^–, and Cl^–) were comprehensively detected in the water-soluble, liposoluble, insoluble, oxidizable, and reducible fractions of PM2.5 samples, and their physical and chemical relationships were established.