2D-based electrode materials for supercapacitors – status, challenges, and prospects

Abstract

The pursuit of efficient and sustainable energy storage solutions has fueled significant interest in the development of advanced materials for supercapacitors. Among these, two-dimensional (2D) materials undoubtingly have emerged as promising candidates due to their unique structural and electrochemical properties. To address the inherent challenges such as restacking, limited ion-accessibility, limited scalability, stability under operational conditions, and the intricate balance between surface area and conductivity that hinder the practical application of 2D materials, this article delves into innovative approaches and emerging strategies and prospects that aim to enhance their performance and durability. A systematic exploration of synthesis methods, structural characteristics, and electrochemical performance as supercapacitor electrodes of key 2D materials, including graphene, MXenes, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), black phosphorous and phosphorene and their composites has been discussed. The discussion will extend to recent breakthroughs and innovations, shedding light on how researchers are leveraging the unique properties of 2D materials to overcome existing challenges in supercapacitor technology. Beyond mere documentation, this review seeks to inspire future research directions, foster interdisciplinary collaborations, and contribute to the ongoing evolution of energy storage technologies towards a more sustainable and efficient future.