Size Asymmetry in Multidomain Single Crystals and the Development of Curved Surfacesa

Abstract

Straight facets and sharp edges are among the most distinctive indicators of well-defined crystals and often reflect the polyhedral geometry and symmetry of the underlying close-packed, molecular structure. Curved morphologies are sometimes observed in biogenic crystals where templating or nonclassical crystallization processes (e.g., crystallization via amorphous states) occur. Here we report the formation and growth of copper-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) that crystallize in the hexagonal space group P622. The individual MOFs are homochiral and are formed from achiral compounds. The crystals begin as hexagonal-like structures, developing over time into complex flower-like structures having two decks joined in the center. Each deck layer has six well-defined petals with curved lateral surfaces. The growth mechanism shows initial straight petals that become progressively more curved with increased faceting. Remarkably, despite its multidomain appearance, the entire entity is a single crystal. The curved morphology is correlated to the crystallographic structure and the arrangement of nanosized channels within this structure. Crystal habits are typically considered to be inconsistent with curved morphologies. This work suggests that crystallographic explanations can support the development of such surfaces for low-density structures.

Our crystals have a two-sided, flower-like morphology with six curved petals on each side. Despite this complexity, the crystals are single. The morphological curvature was connected to the crystal structures by indexing the planes characterizing the petals during various growth stages and examining them relative to the solvent-crystal interfaces.