Atom-Level 2D Catalysts Accelerating Deposition/Dissolution Kinetics in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Abstract

The performance of high-energy-density lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries is limited by the unmanageable deposition/dissolution kinetics of lithium anode and sulfur cathode, leading to subpar electrochemical efficiency. Prior to being deposited on the electrolyte/electrode interface or within the interior, the solvated lithium-ion (Li⁺) must undergo de-solvation to produce free Li⁺ ions. These ions then participate in subsequent Redox reactions. The sulfur cathode faces challenges related to solid–liquid transformation and polysulfide conversion/shuttle, which impact the deposition/dissolution process. These issues collectively create insurmountable electrochemical barriers in lithium–sulfur batteries. Atom-level 2D catalysts, contributing to the consummate atomic efficiency (≈100 at%), play an important role in accelerating deposition/dissolution kinetics in lithium–sulfur batteries. In the review, the preparation of atom-level 2D catalysts and catalytic kinetic process on accelerating Li⁺ de-solvation, Li⁰ stripping/dissolution, Li⁰ nucleation/deposition of lithium anode, polysulfide conversion, and Li_xS deposition of sulfur cathode are summarized, and the outlook of high-performance single-atom, multiple atoms modified 2D catalysts in lithium, sodium, and zinc-based batteries is putting forward.