Neutralizing activity of anti–SARS-CoV-2 hyperimmune immunoglobulins and intravenous immunoglobulins against currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants

The Journal of Clinical Investigation Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI:10.1172/jci182919

Lorenza Bellusci, Hana Golding, Surender Khurana

{"title":"Neutralizing activity of anti–SARS-CoV-2 hyperimmune immunoglobulins and intravenous immunoglobulins against currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants","authors":"Lorenza Bellusci, Hana Golding, Surender Khurana","doi":"10.1172/jci182919","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"To the Editor: Prophylactic or early post-exposure treatments with SARS-CoV-2–specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were useful early in the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants (e.g., XBB.1, JN.1 and its derivatives) are resistant to all approved mAb therapies (1). Immunoglobulin products (IGs) manufactured from pooled human plasma are widely used for treatment of patients with several immunodeficiency syndromes. Most IGs are administered intravenously and are called IVIGs.\nPolyclonal hyperimmune anti–SARS-CoV-2 IVIGs (pi-hCoV-2IG) were manufactured in 2021 by fractionation of pooled plasma from COVID-19 convalescent patients with virus neutralization titers of 1:320 or greater against the ancestral WA-1 strain and contain IgG at 10-fold higher concentration than in individual convalescent plasma (CP). Vx-hCoV-2IG was generated from pooled plasma of SARS-CoV-2–vaccinated individuals (2021) (2). Some vaccinated individuals also reported prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since 2022, more than 90% of the blood donations in the United States had anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, suggesting prior exposure by vaccination, infections, or both (hybrid immunity) (3). Therefore, we hypothesized that IVIG lots manufactured from unscreened plasma donors from 2022 onwards may contain anti–SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies against circulating Omicron subvariants.\nTo evaluate therapeutic potential of multiple lots of IVIG, pi-hCoV-2IG, and Vx-hCoV-2IG against circulating Omicron variants (Supplemental Table 1; supplemental material available online with this article; https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI182919DS1), we followed the STROBE reporting guideline (https://www.strobe-statement.org/) for cross-sectional studies. We tested 17 lots of pi-hCoV-2IG prepared from pooled plasma of convalescent individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 in 2020 and one available Vx-hCoV-2IG lot manufactured from screened pooled plasma with high SARS-CoV-2 neutralization titers of mRNA-vaccinated individuals (hybrid immunity) who reported prior SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2021. Additionally, 20 IVIG preparations manufactured in 2019 from healthy plasma donations (2019-IVIG) before the COVID-19 pandemic, 8 IVIG lots manufactured in 2020 (2020-IVIG), 9 IVIG lots manufactured in 2023 (2023-IVIG), 5 IVIG lots manufactured in 2024 (2024-IVIG), 7 CP from recovered COVID-19 patients in early 2020 (2020-CP), and 8 CP from Omicron vaccine breakthrough infections in 2022 (2022-CP), all collected approximately 30 days after diagnosis, were analyzed for neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 WA-1 and 9 circulating Omicron subvariants (BA.2.86, XBB.1.16, XBB.2.3, EG.5, HV.1, HK.3, JN.1, JN.4, and JD.1.1) in a pseudovirus neutralization assay (PsVNA) (4).\nCP collected from recovered COVID-19 patients in 2020 and 2022 as well post-infection hyperimmunoglobulin lots (pi-hCoV-2IG) show high neutralization titers against WA-1, but demonstrated minimal or no PsVNA titers against the current Omicron variants (Figure 1). The 2019-IVIG lots manufactured before the COVID-19 pandemic contained no SARS-CoV-2–neutralizing antibodies (Figure 1). The 2020-IVIG lots manufactured early in the COVID-19 pandemic contained low titers against WA-1, and no neutralizing titers against current Omicron subvariants. On the other hand, 2023-IVIG and 2024-IVIG lots contain high titers against WA-1 (geometric mean titer [GMT]: 16,212 and 30,722, respectively), reflecting the high SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in plasma donors. More importantly, these recent IVIG lots have weak to moderate titers against currently circulating variants, even though the donors were exposed to earlier Omicron variants (Supplemental Table 2). The surprising finding was that one lot of Vx-hCov-2IG that was produced in 2021 not only contains the highest titer against the original WA-1 strain (GMT: 69,551), but also high neutralization titers against all the recently circulating Omicron subvariants (GMT ranging between 401 and 11,416) (Figure 1). This finding may be due to vaccination/infection-induced cross-reactive B cells undergoing affinity maturation in germinal centers, resulting in broader high-affinity antibody repertoires that neutralize emerging Omicron subvariants (5).\n<img align=\"left\" alt=\"Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 and circulating Omicron subvariants b\" src=\"//dm5migu4zj3pb.cloudfront.net/manuscripts/182000/182919/small/JCI182919.f1.gif\" title=\"Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 and circulating Omicron subvariants by IVIG, convalescent plasma, pi-hCoV-2IG, and Vx-hCoV-2IG.\"/>Figure 1Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 and circulating Omicron subvariants by IVIG, convalescent plasma, pi-hCoV-2IG, and Vx-hCoV-2IG. SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays were performed by using pseudoviruses expressing the spike protein of WA1/2020 or the Omicron subvariants in 293-ACE2-TMPRSS2 cells. SARS-CoV-2 neutralization titers were determined in each of the prepandemic 2019-IVIG (n = 20), 2020-IVIG (n = 8), 2020 convalescent plasma (2020-CP; n = 7), 2022 convalescent plasma (2022-CP; n = 8), post-infection hyperimmunoglobulin IVIG (pi-hCoV-2IG; n = 17), 2023-IVIG (n = 9), 2024-IVIG (n = 5), and post-vaccination hyperimmunoglobulin IVIG (Vx-hCoV-2IG; n = 1) preparations. The assay was performed in duplicate to determine the 50% neutralization titer (PsVNA50). The heights of the bars and the numbers over the bars indicate the geometric mean titers, and the whiskers indicate 95% confidence intervals. The horizontal dashed line indicates the limit of detection for the neutralization assay (PsVNA50 of 20). Differences between SARS-CoV-2 strains were analyzed by ordinary 1-way ANOVA with Tukey’s pairwise multiple-comparison test in GraphPad Prism version 9.3.1 and the P values are shown.\nOur finding demonstrates that high-titer IVIG lots can be manufactured from plasma screened for high neutralization titers against recent Omicron subvariants. Since the current circulating SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants are resistant to all licensed mAbs, these cross-neutralizing IVIG lots can be an important intervention, particularly for immunocompromised patients and various autoimmune and neurological diseases, including patients with long COVID (6), to prevent or ameliorate the outcome of exposure with circulating and emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains.\n<dl data-accordion=\"\"><dd>\nSupplemental materialView Supplemental data\nView Supporting data values\n</dd></dl>\n<dl data-accordion=\"\"><dd>\nAcknowledgmentsWe thank Basil Golding and Keith Peden at the FDA for review of the manuscript. We thank Carol Weiss (FDA) for providing plasmid clones expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike variants. The antibody response study was supported by FDA’s MCMi grants OCET 2022-1746 and OCET 2023-0235 to SK. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the US government.\nAddress correspondence to: Surender Khurana, CBER, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA. Phone: 240.402.9632; Email: Surender.Khurana@fda.hhs.gov.\n</dd></dl>\n<dl data-accordion=\"\"><dd>\nFootnotesConflict of interest: The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.\nCopyright: © 2024, Bellusci et al. This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.\nReference information: J Clin Invest. 2024;134(20):e182919. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI182919.\n</dd></dl>\n<dl data-accordion=\"\"><dd>\nReferences<ol compact=\"\">\n<li value=\"1\">Imai M, et al. Adjuvant pembrolizumab after nephrectomy in renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2022;385(8):683–694.View this article via: PubMedGoogle Scholar\n</li>\n<li value=\"2\">Karbiener M, et al. Highly potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralization by intravenous immunoglobulins manufactured from post-COVID-19 and COVID-19-vaccinated plasma donations. J Infect Dis. 2021;224(10):1707–1711.View this article via: PubMedGoogle Scholar\n</li>\n<li value=\"3\">CDC. 2022-2023 Nationwide COVID-19 Infection- and Vaccination-Induced Antibody Seroprevalence (Blood donations). https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/# nationwide-blood-donor-seroprevalence-2022 Accessed September 6, 2024. </li>\n<li value=\"4\">Awasthi M, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 hyperimmune intravenous human immunoglobulins neutralizes omicron subvariants BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.3, and BA.4/BA.5 for treatment of Coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;76(3):e503–e506.View this article via: CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar\n</li>\n<li value=\"5\">Alsoussi WB, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron boosting induces de novo B cell response in humans. Nature. 2023;617(7961):592–598.View this article via: CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar\n</li>\n<li value=\"6\">Thompson JS, et al. Long-term high-dose immunoglobulin successfully treats Long COVID patients with pulmonary, neurologic, and cardiologic symptoms. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1033651. View this article via: CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar\n</li>\n</ol>\n</dd></dl>","PeriodicalId":520097,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1172/jci182919","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

To the Editor: Prophylactic or early post-exposure treatments with SARS-CoV-2–specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were useful early in the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants (e.g., XBB.1, JN.1 and its derivatives) are resistant to all approved mAb therapies (1). Immunoglobulin products (IGs) manufactured from pooled human plasma are widely used for treatment of patients with several immunodeficiency syndromes. Most IGs are administered intravenously and are called IVIGs.

Polyclonal hyperimmune anti–SARS-CoV-2 IVIGs (pi-hCoV-2IG) were manufactured in 2021 by fractionation of pooled plasma from COVID-19 convalescent patients with virus neutralization titers of 1:320 or greater against the ancestral WA-1 strain and contain IgG at 10-fold higher concentration than in individual convalescent plasma (CP). Vx-hCoV-2IG was generated from pooled plasma of SARS-CoV-2–vaccinated individuals (2021) (2). Some vaccinated individuals also reported prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since 2022, more than 90% of the blood donations in the United States had anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, suggesting prior exposure by vaccination, infections, or both (hybrid immunity) (3). Therefore, we hypothesized that IVIG lots manufactured from unscreened plasma donors from 2022 onwards may contain anti–SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies against circulating Omicron subvariants.

To evaluate therapeutic potential of multiple lots of IVIG, pi-hCoV-2IG, and Vx-hCoV-2IG against circulating Omicron variants (Supplemental Table 1; supplemental material available online with this article; https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI182919DS1), we followed the STROBE reporting guideline (https://www.strobe-statement.org/) for cross-sectional studies. We tested 17 lots of pi-hCoV-2IG prepared from pooled plasma of convalescent individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 in 2020 and one available Vx-hCoV-2IG lot manufactured from screened pooled plasma with high SARS-CoV-2 neutralization titers of mRNA-vaccinated individuals (hybrid immunity) who reported prior SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2021. Additionally, 20 IVIG preparations manufactured in 2019 from healthy plasma donations (2019-IVIG) before the COVID-19 pandemic, 8 IVIG lots manufactured in 2020 (2020-IVIG), 9 IVIG lots manufactured in 2023 (2023-IVIG), 5 IVIG lots manufactured in 2024 (2024-IVIG), 7 CP from recovered COVID-19 patients in early 2020 (2020-CP), and 8 CP from Omicron vaccine breakthrough infections in 2022 (2022-CP), all collected approximately 30 days after diagnosis, were analyzed for neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 WA-1 and 9 circulating Omicron subvariants (BA.2.86, XBB.1.16, XBB.2.3, EG.5, HV.1, HK.3, JN.1, JN.4, and JD.1.1) in a pseudovirus neutralization assay (PsVNA) (4).

CP collected from recovered COVID-19 patients in 2020 and 2022 as well post-infection hyperimmunoglobulin lots (pi-hCoV-2IG) show high neutralization titers against WA-1, but demonstrated minimal or no PsVNA titers against the current Omicron variants (Figure 1). The 2019-IVIG lots manufactured before the COVID-19 pandemic contained no SARS-CoV-2–neutralizing antibodies (Figure 1). The 2020-IVIG lots manufactured early in the COVID-19 pandemic contained low titers against WA-1, and no neutralizing titers against current Omicron subvariants. On the other hand, 2023-IVIG and 2024-IVIG lots contain high titers against WA-1 (geometric mean titer [GMT]: 16,212 and 30,722, respectively), reflecting the high SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in plasma donors. More importantly, these recent IVIG lots have weak to moderate titers against currently circulating variants, even though the donors were exposed to earlier Omicron variants (Supplemental Table 2). The surprising finding was that one lot of Vx-hCov-2IG that was produced in 2021 not only contains the highest titer against the original WA-1 strain (GMT: 69,551), but also high neutralization titers against all the recently circulating Omicron subvariants (GMT ranging between 401 and 11,416) (Figure 1). This finding may be due to vaccination/infection-induced cross-reactive B cells undergoing affinity maturation in germinal centers, resulting in broader high-affinity antibody repertoires that neutralize emerging Omicron subvariants (5).

Figure 1

Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 and circulating Omicron subvariants by IVIG, convalescent plasma, pi-hCoV-2IG, and Vx-hCoV-2IG. SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays were performed by using pseudoviruses expressing the spike protein of WA1/2020 or the Omicron subvariants in 293-ACE2-TMPRSS2 cells. SARS-CoV-2 neutralization titers were determined in each of the prepandemic 2019-IVIG (n = 20), 2020-IVIG (n = 8), 2020 convalescent plasma (2020-CP; n = 7), 2022 convalescent plasma (2022-CP; n = 8), post-infection hyperimmunoglobulin IVIG (pi-hCoV-2IG; n = 17), 2023-IVIG (n = 9), 2024-IVIG (n = 5), and post-vaccination hyperimmunoglobulin IVIG (Vx-hCoV-2IG; n = 1) preparations. The assay was performed in duplicate to determine the 50% neutralization titer (PsVNA50). The heights of the bars and the numbers over the bars indicate the geometric mean titers, and the whiskers indicate 95% confidence intervals. The horizontal dashed line indicates the limit of detection for the neutralization assay (PsVNA50 of 20). Differences between SARS-CoV-2 strains were analyzed by ordinary 1-way ANOVA with Tukey’s pairwise multiple-comparison test in GraphPad Prism version 9.3.1 and the P values are shown.

Our finding demonstrates that high-titer IVIG lots can be manufactured from plasma screened for high neutralization titers against recent Omicron subvariants. Since the current circulating SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants are resistant to all licensed mAbs, these cross-neutralizing IVIG lots can be an important intervention, particularly for immunocompromised patients and various autoimmune and neurological diseases, including patients with long COVID (6), to prevent or ameliorate the outcome of exposure with circulating and emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains.

Supplemental material

View Supplemental data

View Supporting data values

Acknowledgments

We thank Basil Golding and Keith Peden at the FDA for review of the manuscript. We thank Carol Weiss (FDA) for providing plasmid clones expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike variants. The antibody response study was supported by FDA’s MCMi grants OCET 2022-1746 and OCET 2023-0235 to SK. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the US government.

Address correspondence to: Surender Khurana, CBER, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA. Phone: 240.402.9632; Email: Surender.Khurana@fda.hhs.gov.

Footnotes

Conflict of interest: The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.

Reference information: J Clin Invest. 2024;134(20):e182919. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI182919.

References

Imai M, et al. Adjuvant pembrolizumab after nephrectomy in renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2022;385(8):683–694.View this article via: PubMedGoogle Scholar
Karbiener M, et al. Highly potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralization by intravenous immunoglobulins manufactured from post-COVID-19 and COVID-19-vaccinated plasma donations. J Infect Dis. 2021;224(10):1707–1711.View this article via: PubMedGoogle Scholar
CDC. 2022-2023 Nationwide COVID-19 Infection- and Vaccination-Induced Antibody Seroprevalence (Blood donations). https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/# nationwide-blood-donor-seroprevalence-2022 Accessed September 6, 2024.
Awasthi M, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 hyperimmune intravenous human immunoglobulins neutralizes omicron subvariants BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.3, and BA.4/BA.5 for treatment of Coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;76(3):e503–e506.View this article via: CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Alsoussi WB, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron boosting induces de novo B cell response in humans. Nature. 2023;617(7961):592–598.View this article via: CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Thompson JS, et al. Long-term high-dose immunoglobulin successfully treats Long COVID patients with pulmonary, neurologic, and cardiologic symptoms. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1033651. View this article via: CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar

查看原文本刊更多论文

抗 SARS-CoV-2 超免疫免疫球蛋白和静脉注射免疫球蛋白对目前流行的 SARS-CoV-2 变体的中和活性

致编辑在 COVID-19 大流行的早期，使用 SARS-CoV-2 特异性单克隆抗体 (mAbs) 进行预防性治疗或暴露后早期治疗非常有用。然而，目前流行的 SARS-CoV-2 Omicron 亚变种（如 XBB.1、JN.1 及其衍生物）对所有已获批准的 mAb 疗法都有抗药性（1）。由集合人血浆制成的免疫球蛋白产品（IGs）被广泛用于治疗多种免疫缺陷综合征患者。多克隆超免疫抗 SARS-CoV-2 IVIG（pi-h-CoV-2IG）是 2021 年通过对 COVID-19 康复患者的集合血浆进行分馏制成的，这些患者对祖先 WA-1 株的病毒中和滴度达到或超过 1:320，其所含 IgG 的浓度是单个康复血浆（CP）的 10 倍。Vx-hCoV-2IG 由接种过 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗的个体（2021 人）的血浆汇集而成 (2)。一些接种者也报告先前感染过 SARS-CoV-2。自 2022 年以来，美国 90% 以上的献血者体内都有抗 SARS-CoV-2 抗体，这表明他们之前通过接种疫苗、感染或两者（混合免疫）接触过 SARS-CoV-2 (3)。因此，我们假设从 2022 年起从未经筛查的血浆捐献者中生产的 IVIG 批次可能含有抗 SARS-CoV-2 中和抗体，可对抗循环中的 Omicron 亚变异体。为了评估多个批次的 IVIG、pi-hCoV-2IG 和 Vx-hCoV-2IG 对抗循环中的 Omicron 变异体的治疗潜力（补充表 1；本文在线提供的补充材料；https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI182919DS1），我们遵循了横断面研究的 STROBE 报告指南 (https://www.strobe-statement.org/)。我们检测了从 2020 年感染 SARS-CoV-2 的康复者的集合血浆中制备的 17 批 pi-hCoV-2IG，以及从 2021 年报告先前感染 SARS-CoV-2 的 mRNA 疫苗接种者（混合免疫）的高 SARS-CoV-2 中和滴度筛选集合血浆中制备的一批 Vx-hCoV-2IG。此外，2019 年从 COVID-19 大流行前的健康血浆捐赠中生产了 20 批 IVIG 制剂（2019-IVIG），2020 年生产了 8 批 IVIG 制剂（2020-IVIG），2023 年生产了 9 批 IVIG 制剂（2023-IVIG），2024 年生产了 5 批 IVIG 制剂（2024-IVIG）、对 2020 年初 COVID-19 恢复患者的 7 份 CP（2020-CP）和 2022 年 Omicron 疫苗突破性感染患者的 8 份 CP（2022-CP）（均在诊断后约 30 天采集）进行了 SARS-CoV-2 WA-1 和 9 个循环 Omicron 亚变体的中和分析（BA.2.86、XBB.1.16、XBB.2.3、EG.5、HV.1、HK.3、JN.1、JN.4 和 JD.2020年和2022年从COVID-19康复患者以及感染后超免疫球蛋白批次（pi-h-CoV-2IG）中收集的CP在假病毒中和检测（PsVNA）中显示出针对WA-1的高中和滴度，但针对当前Omicron变种的PsVNA滴度极低或没有（图1）。在 COVID-19 大流行之前生产的 2019-IVIG 批次不含 SARS-CoV-2 中和抗体（图 1）。在 COVID-19 大流行早期生产的 2020-IVIG 批次中含有针对 WA-1 的低滴度抗体，并且没有针对当前 Omicron 亚变体的中和滴度。另一方面，2023-IVIG 和 2024-IVIG 两个批次对 WA-1 的滴度较高（几何平均滴度[GMT]分别为 16,212 和 30,722），反映出血浆捐献者中 SARS-CoV-2 血清流行率较高。更重要的是，尽管献血者曾接触过早期的 Omicron 变种，但这些新近批次的 IVIG 对目前流行的变异株的滴度为弱至中等（补充表 2）。令人惊讶的发现是，2021 年生产的一批 Vx-hCov-2IG 不仅对原始 WA-1 株的滴度最高（GMT：69 551），而且对最近流行的所有 Omicron 亚变异株的中和滴度也很高（GMT 在 401 到 11 416 之间）（图 1）。这一发现可能是由于疫苗接种/感染诱导的交叉反应 B 细胞在生殖中心进行亲和性成熟，从而产生更广泛的高亲和性抗体库，中和新出现的 Omicron 亚变体（5）。图 1 IVIG、康复血浆、pi-hCoV-2IG 和 Vx-hCoV-2IG 对 SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 和循环中的 Omicron 亚变体的中和作用。在 293-ACE2-TMPRSS2 细胞中使用表达 WA1/2020 或 Omicron 亚变体尖峰蛋白的假病毒进行了 SARS-CoV-2 中和试验。SARS-CoV-2 中和滴度分别在流行前的 2019-IVIG (n = 20)、2020-IVIG (n = 8)、2020 恢复期血浆（2020-CP; n = 7）、2022 恢复期血浆（2022-CP；n = 8）、感染后高免疫球蛋白 IVIG（pi-hCoV-2IG；n = 17）、2023-IVIG（n = 9）、2024-IVIG（n = 5）和疫苗接种后高免疫球蛋白 IVIG（Vx-hCoV-2IG；n = 1）制剂。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

The Journal of Clinical Investigation

自引率

0.00%

发文量