What controls the onset of winter stratification in a deep, dimictic lake?

IF 3.8 1区 地球科学 Q1 LIMNOLOGY
Jay Austin
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Abstract

The transition from summer stratification to winter stratification is considered for deep, dimictic Lake Superior. The fall transition is dynamically distinct from the better‐studied spring transition; it is characterized by a wind‐driven collapse of weakening summer stratification, a surface‐cooling–driven period during which the water column is essentially isothermal, and eventual onset of inverse (cold upper layer) stratification, after which sub‐thermocline water temperatures are largely fixed for the rest of the season. Due to the small value of thermal expansivity near the temperature of maximum density, temperature gradients do not impart much stability to the water column, and it is difficult for winter stratification to form immediately upon dropping below the temperature of maximum density. Instead, the water column continues to cool until the thermal expansivity is sufficiently large in magnitude to allow temperature gradients to impart stability. This observation implies that the temperature locked into the deep water for the winter season will be a consequence of the specific meteorological forcing experienced in a given year; there may be long‐term climate change driven trends in the timing of the onset of stratification but not trends in winter deep‐water temperature. To address this hypothesis, 15 yr of moored temperature data collected in Lake Superior are examined, and a scaling argument and climatological data are applied to better understand interannual variability in the onset of winter stratification.
是什么控制了深水二叠纪湖泊冬季分层的开始?
研究了苏必利尔湖深层二叠纪水体从夏季分层向冬季分层的过渡。秋季过渡在动力学上有别于研究较多的春季过渡;其特点是风力驱动的夏季分层逐渐减弱的崩溃期、表层冷却驱动的水柱基本等温期,以及反向(冷上层)分层的最终开始,在此之后,热层下水温在本季其余时间基本固定。由于最大密度温度附近的热膨胀率值较小,温度梯度不会给水柱带来太大的稳定性,因此冬季分层很难在温度降至最大密度温度以下时立即形成。相反,水柱会继续冷却,直到热膨胀率足够大,温度梯度才会带来稳定性。这一观察结果表明,冬季深水锁定的温度将是特定年份所经历的特定气象强迫的结果;在分层开始的时间上可能存在由气候变化驱动的长期趋势,但在冬季深水温度上却不存在趋势。针对这一假设,研究人员研究了在苏必利尔湖收集的 15 年系泊温度数据,并应用了缩放论证和气候学数据,以更好地理解冬季分层开始时间的年际变化。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Limnology and Oceanography
Limnology and Oceanography 地学-海洋学
CiteScore
8.80
自引率
6.70%
发文量
254
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: Limnology and Oceanography (L&O; print ISSN 0024-3590, online ISSN 1939-5590) publishes original articles, including scholarly reviews, about all aspects of limnology and oceanography. The journal''s unifying theme is the understanding of aquatic systems. Submissions are judged on the originality of their data, interpretations, and ideas, and on the degree to which they can be generalized beyond the particular aquatic system examined. Laboratory and modeling studies must demonstrate relevance to field environments; typically this means that they are bolstered by substantial "real-world" data. Few purely theoretical or purely empirical papers are accepted for review.
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