Prospective ecological contributions of potential marine OECMs and MPAs to enhance marine conservation in Indonesia

IF 4.8 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 OCEANOGRAPHY

Ocean & Coastal Management Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107411

Estradivari , Indah Kartika , Dedi S. Adhuri , Luky Adrianto , Firdaus Agung , Gabby N. Ahmadia , Sonia Bejarano , Stuart J. Campbell , Faridz Rizal Fachri , Hari Kushardanto , Cliff Marlessy , Beby Pane , Oscar Puebla , Ray Chandra Purnama , I Wayan Veda Santiadji , Wahid Suherfian , Mardha Tillah , Hesti Widodo , Christian Wild , Sebastian C.A. Ferse

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) represent a new frontier in conservation, aiming to acknowledge efforts that contribute to biodiversity beyond marine protected areas (MPAs). Many nations, including Indonesia, are establishing country-specific criteria to define what qualifies as an OECM. However, demonstrating the biodiversity contributions of Indonesia's 382 identified potential OECMs (i.e., non-MPA areas, governed and managed, and likely contributing to biodiversity conservation) poses a challenge due to the absence of national monitoring systems outside MPAs. A spatial approach was used to provide an overview of the expected ecological contributions of potential OECMs upon formal recognition. Potential OECMs were, on average, five times smaller (26,838 ha) than MPAs (133,524 ha). Together with MPAs, they formed a denser conservation network, with many encompassing climate refugia reefs. Upon full recognition, potential OECMs could contribute to conserving <1%, 12%, and 8% of the nation's mangroves, seagrass, and coral reef areas, respectively. Potential OECMs were restricted to coastal areas, and situated in various ecological contexts, including areas typically excluded from MPA designation, such as turbid reefs. Recognizing these OECMs could potentially add 10 million ha to national marine conservation areas. Collectively, MPAs and potential OECMs could contribute to conserving 13% of the nation's waters by 2030. Potential OECMs are effective locally and offer unique strengths, including diverse governance approaches, long-term presence, and potential socioeconomic benefits. Nonetheless, they face challenges from human pressures that may compromise their effectiveness. Formal recognition and strengthening of these areas could help mitigate these risks. This study highlights the potential of recognizing OECMs to enhance conservation efforts in Indonesia, complementing the existing MPA network.

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潜在海洋生态保护区和海洋保护区对加强印度尼西亚海洋保护的预期生态贡献

其他有效区域保护措施（OECMs）是保护领域的一个新领域，旨在认可海洋保护区（MPAs）之外对生物多样性做出贡献的努力。包括印尼在内的许多国家正在制定针对本国的标准，以确定哪些措施符合其他有效区域保护措施的条件。然而，由于缺乏海洋保护区以外的国家监测系统，要证明印尼 382 个已确定的潜在 OECM（即非海洋保护区区域，受到治理和管理，并可能对生物多样性保护做出贡献）对生物多样性的贡献是一项挑战。我们采用了一种空间方法来概述潜在 OECM 在获得正式认可后的预期生态贡献。潜在的 OECM 平均面积（26,838 公顷）比海洋保护区（133,524 公顷）小五倍。它们与海洋保护区一起形成了一个更密集的保护网络，其中许多包括气候庇护珊瑚礁。在得到充分认可后，潜在的 OECM 可分别为保护全国 1%、12% 和 8%的红树林、海草和珊瑚礁区域做出贡献。潜在的海洋生态保护区仅限于沿海地区，位于不同的生态环境中，包括通常被排除在海洋保护区指定范围之外的区域，如浊礁。承认这些 OECMs 有可能使国家海洋保护区增加 1000 万公顷。到 2030 年，海洋保护区和潜在的 OECMs 可共同为保护 13% 的国家水域做出贡献。潜在的 OECM 在当地很有效，并具有独特的优势，包括多样化的治理方法、长期存在和潜在的社会经济效益。然而，它们面临着来自人类压力的挑战，可能会影响其有效性。正式承认并加强这些地区有助于降低这些风险。本研究强调了承认 OECMs 的潜力，以加强印度尼西亚的保护工作，补充现有的海洋保护区网络。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Ocean & Coastal Management 环境科学-海洋学

CiteScore

8.50

自引率

15.20%

发文量

321

审稿时长

60 days

期刊介绍： Ocean & Coastal Management is the leading international journal dedicated to the study of all aspects of ocean and coastal management from the global to local levels. We publish rigorously peer-reviewed manuscripts from all disciplines, and inter-/trans-disciplinary and co-designed research, but all submissions must make clear the relevance to management and/or governance issues relevant to the sustainable development and conservation of oceans and coasts. Comparative studies (from sub-national to trans-national cases, and other management / policy arenas) are encouraged, as are studies that critically assess current management practices and governance approaches. Submissions involving robust analysis, development of theory, and improvement of management practice are especially welcome.