Judd-Ofelt analysis and temperature sensing properties of polyethylmethacrylate (PEMA) networks doped with CdNb2O6: Er3+/Yb3+ phosphors

Abstract

Research on the sensitivity of temperature measurements and optical thermometry involving rare earth ions has been an area of interest in the field of photonics and materials science. Introducing polymer networks as a new host material has an important role due to their properties including a versatile and stable environment for rare earth ions and rapid response in temperature detection. In this work, linear and crosslinked polyethylmethacrylate (PEMA) networks doped with Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ (1.5 mol % Er³⁺, 2 mol% Yb³⁺) synthesized by free-radical crosslinking polymerization with 0.1 EMA (weight %) at 60 °C were used to investigate direct and indirect optical bandgap energies and Urbach energy from UV–Visible spectra. The Judd-Ofelt (JO) approach was employed to analyze parameters Ω_t (t = 2,4,6), spontaneous transition probabilities (Α), branching ratios (β) and radiative lifetimes (τ) as a function of linear and crosslinked PEMA doped nano-crystalline CdNb₂O₆: Er³⁺/Yb³⁺. The stimulated emission cross-sections of the transitions ²H_11/2⟶⁴I_15/2, ²S_3/2⟶⁴I_15/2 and ²F_9/2⟶⁴I_15/2 of Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ were calculated by two different methods; Fuchtbauer-Ladenburg formula and modified theory, respectively. The gain bandwidth cross-section product for the ²H_11/2⟶⁴I_15/2 was found to be 162.06. ${10}^{-28}{\text{cm}}^3$, 260.94. ${10}^{-28}{\text{cm}}^3$ and 461.20. ${10}^{-28}{\text{cm}}^3$ of Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ embedded in linear, low and high crosslinked PEMA samples, respectively. JO parameters and stimulated emission cross-sections increased; therefore, radiative lifetimes decreased by increasing crosslinking content. In addition, the temperature dependence of upconversion (UC) luminescence was monitored under 975 nm excitation. The fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) method examined the temperature sensing under two thermally coupled levels at 525 and 548 nm. The maximum sensitivities obtained from the FIR technique within the 300–650 K temperature range shifted to lower temperatures with increasing crosslinker content. Hence, linear and crosslinked polymer hosts doped rare-earth ions can be candidates for remote temperature sensors across various fields.