An Extension to the stress-buffering model: Timing of support across the lifecourse

IF 3.7 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY
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Abstract

Children and adolescents exposed to severe stressors exhibit poorer health across the lifespan. However, decades of research evaluating the Stress-Buffering model suggests that social support can attenuate stressors' negative impacts. Psychoneuroimmunology research in this area has shifted from asking whether support buffers stress to when and why support would succeed (or fail) to confer protection. This article takes a lifecourse perspective and proposes that timing of support may shape support's protective value by defining the type of protection that is provided and its operating mechanisms. Specifically, it considers three temporal scenarios: support that occurs during, after, or before stressor exposure. When support intervenes at the same developmental stage as the stressor (concurrent support), buffering effects occur wherein support prevents the development of intermediary mechanisms that reflect or increase disease risk; when support is present at a developmental stage before stressor exposure (prior support), banking effects occur such that support intervenes indirectly by fortifying the individual with resilience-promoting characteristics that in turn prevents the development of intermediary mechanisms; finally, when support arrives at a developmental stage after stressor exposure (later support), counteracting effects occur such that support offsets the impacts of intermediary mechanisms on diseases. It further posits that a match between timing of support and the linkage of interest (e.g., the stressor-mechanism path vs. the mechanism-disease path) is necessary for successful protection. The present paper discusses these postulations, reviews nascent evidence, and proposes future directions.
压力缓冲模式的扩展:在整个生命过程中提供支持的时机
面临严重压力的儿童和青少年在整个生命周期中都会表现出较低的健康水平。然而,数十年来对压力缓冲模型的评估研究表明,社会支持可以减轻压力的负面影响。该领域的心理神经免疫学研究已从询问支持是否能缓冲压力转向何时以及为何支持能成功(或失败)提供保护。本文从生命历程的角度出发,提出支持的时间可能会通过定义所提供的保护类型及其运行机制来塑造支持的保护价值。具体来说,文章考虑了三种时间情景:在压力暴露期间、压力暴露之后或压力暴露之前提供支持。当支持与压力源发生在同一发展阶段时(同步支持),支持会产生缓冲效应,防止反映或增加疾病风险的中间机制的发展;当支持出现在暴露于压力源之前的发展阶段时(事先支持),会产生银行效应,即支持通过强化个体的复原力特征来间接干预,进而防止中间机制的发展;最后,当支持出现在暴露于压力源之后的发展阶段时(后期支持),会产生抵消效应,即支持抵消了中间机制对疾病的影响。本文进一步假定,支持的时机与所关注的联系(如压力源-机制路径与机制-疾病路径)之间的匹配是成功保护的必要条件。本文讨论了这些假设,回顾了新的证据,并提出了未来的方向。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Brain, behavior, & immunity - health
Brain, behavior, & immunity - health Biological Psychiatry, Behavioral Neuroscience
CiteScore
8.50
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
审稿时长
97 days
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