Time-lapse dielectric properties monitoring of the flow cell during DNAPL contamination and remediation processes by full-waveform inversion of GPR data using particle swarm optimization: A laboratory study

IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
İsmail Kaplanvural , Ertan Pekşen , Nihat Hakan Akyol , Doğukan Durdağ
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Abstract

This study presents the monitoring of the contamination and remediation processes of an aquifer system using the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) method. To achieve this, periodic GPR measurements were performed on a flow cell, which was established to simulate aquifer contamination and remediation scenarios. The exterior of the flow cell was made of plexiglas, and a small hole was created at the top center to inject Dense Non-aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) contamination. To study contaminant distribution and remediation processes, DNAPL Trichloroethylene (TCE) was used as the groundwater contaminant. Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MCD) was used as remediation agent. The interior of the flow cell was packed with two different sand grain size distributions: low permeability sand along the bottom and a higher permeability sand along the top. Common offset GPR measurements were performed along the top plane of the flow cell. The GPR measurements were conducted periodically over a total duration of 66 days, encompassing the phases prior to injecting DNAPL TCE, after injection of DNAPL TCE, and during the remediation process using MCD. Time-lapse GPR data were analyzed using 1D and 2D plots. In addition, to evaluate and monitor the contamination and remediation processes within the flow cell, central traces of the time-lapse GPR dataset were inverted by full-waveform inversion to estimate the dielectric properties of the layers and the depth by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). To utilize PSO, a forward model calculation using 1D finite difference in time domain adapted to PSO algorithm to generate theoretical GPR traces to compare the theoretical model GPR traces to the measured GPR traces as a “goodness of fit” metric. The electrical conductivity, relative dielectric permittivity, relative magnetic permeability, and depth of the layer were estimated by PSO of the GPR data. The results of the inversion process indicated a significant change in the estimated electrical conductivity values for the post TCE DNAPL contamination stage and the remediation stage. In addition, to support the inversion results, contaminant mass removal was quantified using moment analysis from dissolved-phase contaminant concentrations collected from the flow cell over time. According to the mass recovery calculation by moment analysis, which was collected via an outlet from the flow cell, approximately 38 % of the injected DNAPL TCE mass was removed by enhanced dissolution from the representative aquifer domain of the flow cell during the remediation stage of the experiment.
利用粒子群优化技术对 GPR 数据进行全波形反演,在 DNAPL 污染和修复过程中对流动池的介电特性进行延时监测:实验室研究
本研究介绍了利用探地雷达(GPR)方法监测含水层系统的污染和修复过程。为此,对一个流动池进行了定期的 GPR 测量,该流动池是为模拟含水层污染和修复情况而建立的。流动池的外部由有机玻璃制成,顶部中心有一个小孔,用于注入致密非水相液体(DNAPL)污染。为了研究污染物的分布和修复过程,使用 DNAPL 三氯乙烯(TCE)作为地下水污染物。甲基-beta-环糊精 (MCD) 用作修复剂。流动池内部填充了两种不同粒度的沙子:底部为低渗透性沙子,顶部为高渗透性沙子。沿流动池顶部平面进行了普通偏移 GPR 测量。GPR 测量在总共 66 天的时间内定期进行,包括注入 DNAPL TCE 之前、注入 DNAPL TCE 之后以及使用 MCD 进行修复过程中的各个阶段。使用一维和二维图对延时 GPR 数据进行了分析。此外,为了评估和监测流动池内的污染和修复过程,还对延时 GPR 数据集的中心轨迹进行了全波形反演,以通过粒子群优化(PSO)估算各层的介电性质和深度。为了利用 PSO,使用适应 PSO 算法的时域一维有限差分进行前向模型计算,生成理论 GPR 曲线,将理论模型 GPR 曲线与测量的 GPR 曲线进行比较,作为 "拟合度 "指标。通过对 GPR 数据进行 PSO,估算了导电率、相对介电常数、相对磁导率和地层深度。反演过程的结果表明,三氯乙烷 DNAPL 污染后阶段和修复阶段的估计电导率值发生了显著变化。此外,为了支持反演结果,还使用矩分析法对从流动池中收集到的溶解相污染物浓度随时间变化的情况进行了量化。根据通过流动池出口收集的矩分析质量回收计算,在实验的修复阶段,注入的 DNAPL TCE 质量约有 38% 通过流动池代表性含水层区域的强化溶解而去除。
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来源期刊
Journal of contaminant hydrology
Journal of contaminant hydrology 环境科学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
6.80
自引率
2.80%
发文量
129
审稿时长
68 days
期刊介绍: The Journal of Contaminant Hydrology is an international journal publishing scientific articles pertaining to the contamination of subsurface water resources. Emphasis is placed on investigations of the physical, chemical, and biological processes influencing the behavior and fate of organic and inorganic contaminants in the unsaturated (vadose) and saturated (groundwater) zones, as well as at groundwater-surface water interfaces. The ecological impacts of contaminants transported both from and to aquifers are of interest. Articles on contamination of surface water only, without a link to groundwater, are out of the scope. Broad latitude is allowed in identifying contaminants of interest, and include legacy and emerging pollutants, nutrients, nanoparticles, pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, viruses, protozoa), microplastics, and various constituents associated with energy production (e.g., methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide). The journal''s scope embraces a wide range of topics including: experimental investigations of contaminant sorption, diffusion, transformation, volatilization and transport in the surface and subsurface; characterization of soil and aquifer properties only as they influence contaminant behavior; development and testing of mathematical models of contaminant behaviour; innovative techniques for restoration of contaminated sites; development of new tools or techniques for monitoring the extent of soil and groundwater contamination; transformation of contaminants in the hyporheic zone; effects of contaminants traversing the hyporheic zone on surface water and groundwater ecosystems; subsurface carbon sequestration and/or turnover; and migration of fluids associated with energy production into groundwater.
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