Comparative ballistic performance of 3D through-the-thickness angle-interlock woven fabrics and their reinforced variants

Abstract

This study investigates the ballistic performance of a novel 3D through the thickness angle-interlock woven fabric (3DTAWF) and its reinforced variant (3DRTAWF) under impact by full metal jacketed projectiles. Finite element analysis employing mesoscopic yarn-level models accurately captures the fabrics' behavior during ballistic penetration. Strain rate dependent material models enhance computational accuracy. The impact damage evolution, energy absorption mechanisms, stress wave propagation, projectile energy loss, back-face deformation, and residual velocities are analyzed. 3DRTAWF exhibits superior ballistic resistance attributed to its supplementary straight warp yarns that enhance energy absorption capabilities. Comparative assessments unveil how the 3D angle-interlock woven architecture influences ballistic performance parameters like damage morphology, deformation profiles, and stress distributions. The straight warp reinforcement in 3DRTAWF elevates fabric integrity, compactness, and stress transfer efficiency during impact events. Findings elucidate the roles of fabric architecture and warp yarn configuration in governing ballistic impact responses. This investigation provides guidance for designing advanced 3D woven fabrics tailored for superior ballistic protection applications.