A novel copper(ii) complex with a salicylidene carbohydrazide ligand that promotes oxidative stress and apoptosis in triple negative breast cancer cells†

Abstract

We report the synthesis, characterization, anti-cancer activity and mechanism of action of a novel water-soluble Cu(II) complex with salicylidene carbohydrazide as the ligand and o-phenanthroline as the co-ligand. The synthesized complex (1) was characterized by FT-IR, EPR, and electronic spectroscopy, as well as single crystal X-ray diffraction. This compound was found to be paramagnetic from EPR spectra and X-ray crystallography revealed that the molecule crystallized in an orthorhombic crystal system. The crystal lattice was asymmetric containing two distinct binuclear copper complexes containing the Schiff base as the major ligand, o-phenanthroline as a co-ligand, two nitrate anions, and two water molecules. The Cu(II) in the first site coordinated with the enolised ligand comprising enolate O⁻, phenolate O⁻, and the imine N and N,N from o-phen. The major part of this complex exists as Cu(II) coordinated with two H₂O molecules at the second site with nitrate acting as the counter anion. However, a smaller portion of the complex exists where Cu(II) is coordinated with NO₃⁻ and H₂O, and the remaining water molecule acts as lattice water. It was tested for DNA binding and cleavage properties which revealed that it binds in an intercalative mode to CT-DNA with K_b value of 1.25 × 10⁴ M⁻¹. Furthermore, cleavage studies reveal that the complex has potential for efficient DNA cleavage under both oxidative and hydrolytic conditions. It was able to enhance the rate of cleavage by 2.8 × 10⁸ times. The complex shows good cytotoxicity to breast cancer monolayer (2D) as well as spheroid (3D) systems. The IC₅₀ values for MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 monolayer culture was calculated as 1.86 ± 0.17 μM and 2.22 ± 0.08 μM, respectively, and in (3D) spheroids of MDA-MB-231 cells, the IC₅₀ value was calculated to be 1.51 ± 0.29 μM. It was observed that the complex outperformed cisplatin in both breast cancer cell lines. The cells treated with complex 1 underwent severe DNA damage, increased oxidative stress and cell cycle arrest which finally led to programmed cell death or apoptosis in triple negative breast cancer cells through an intrinsic pathway.