Widespread p-Phenylenediamine Derivatives in Indoor and Outdoor Dust: Occurrence, Fate, and Exposure

IF 8.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Environmental Science & Technology Letters Environ. Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI:10.1021/acs.estlett.4c0070110.1021/acs.estlett.4c00701

Shanshan Zhang, Rong Jin*, Wenbin Liu*, Yuyang Zhao, Guohua Zhu, Chunci Chen, Tianao Mao, Yahui Liu, Yueyao Yang, Xin Li and Wanting Qiao,

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

p-Phenylenediamines (PPDs) are emerging pollutants in the environment due to their extensive application in rubber-related products, yet their potential indoor exposure has been largely overlooked. This study investigated the occurrence characteristics of PPDs and their oxidative products (PPD-Qs) in dust from indoor, i.e., auto repair workshops, hardware malls, and home furnishings markets, as well as outdoor environments, i.e., highway and motorway intersections, revealed the influencing factors for transformation, and assessed associated exposure risks. The presence of PPDs and PPD-Qs in specific indoor environments has been documented. Particularly high levels of these compounds were observed in dust from auto repair workshops (median: 1.68 × 10³ ng/g (PPDs) and 421 ng/g (PPD-Qs). The indicator monomers for PPDs and PPD-Qs emitted from different sources were identified. Furthermore, through concentration analysis and theoretical calculations, the transformation from PPDs to PPD-Qs was revealed to be influenced by the total organic carbon and transition metals present in the dust with Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺ acting as the most effective catalysts. Finally, occupational populations in environments such as auto repair workshops were found to face extremely high exposure levels. This study emphasizes the need to recognize and address the risks associated with these compounds indoors.

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室内外灰尘中广泛存在的对苯二胺衍生物：发生、归宿和暴露

对苯二胺（PPDs）由于广泛应用于橡胶相关产品而成为环境中新出现的污染物，但其潜在的室内暴露却在很大程度上被忽视了。本研究调查了对苯二胺及其氧化产物（PPD-Qs）在室内（即汽车维修车间、五金商场和家居用品市场）和室外（即高速公路和机动车道交叉口）灰尘中的出现特征，揭示了其转化的影响因素，并评估了相关的暴露风险。在特定的室内环境中，PPD 和 PPD-Q 的存在已被记录在案。在汽车维修车间的灰尘中，这些化合物的含量特别高（中位数：1.68 × 103 ng/g）：1.68×103纳克/克（PPDs）和421纳克/克（PPD-Qs）。确定了不同来源排放的 PPDs 和 PPD-Qs 的指示单体。此外，通过浓度分析和理论计算，发现从 PPDs 到 PPD-Qs 的转化受粉尘中总有机碳和过渡金属的影响，其中 Fe3+ 和 Cu2+ 是最有效的催化剂。最后，研究发现汽车维修车间等环境中的职业人群面临着极高的暴露水平。这项研究强调了认识和解决室内这些化合物相关风险的必要性。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Environmental Science & Technology Letters Environ. ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL SC-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

CiteScore

17.90

自引率

3.70%

发文量

163

期刊介绍： Environmental Science & Technology Letters serves as an international forum for brief communications on experimental or theoretical results of exceptional timeliness in all aspects of environmental science, both pure and applied. Published as soon as accepted, these communications are summarized in monthly issues. Additionally, the journal features short reviews on emerging topics in environmental science and technology.