To breed or not to breed: Territory occupancy is predicted by reproductive performance and habitat heterogeneity.

IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY
Andrés López-Peinado, Navinder J Singh, Vicente Urios, Pascual López-López
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Species life history and anthropogenic influence are important drivers of population performance and viability in human-dominated ecosystems. How these factors affect habitat selection and occupancy in long-lived species is an important topic for their conservation. Long-term datasets are needed for establishing the underlying drivers of this process. In this 22 year-long study, we conducted annual surveys of Bonelli's eagle in the east of the Iberian Peninsula. During this period, 42.8% of the known territories remained unoccupied. Territories with a higher likelihood of raising two chicks over time were stable, evidenced by a lower coefficient of variation in productivity, and were more likely to remain occupied. Moreover, territories with lower habitat diversity, dominated by coniferous forest or agricultural fields, and those located further away from the coast and at higher altitudes showed lower rates of occupancy (i.e., unoccupied >3 consecutive years). To validate these associations, we monitored space use of 22 individuals equipped with Global Positioning System/Global System for Mobile (GPS/GSM) transmitters, which confirmed that eagles selected for open habitats (mainly scrublands and transitional woodland-scrubs) intermixed with forest areas within their home ranges. In contrast, individuals avoided areas dominated by agricultural, urban, and continuous forests for breeding in line with the observations for unoccupied territories. Our results highlight the important interplay between natural and anthropogenic factors, which also have important implications for other raptor species. Preservation of the most productive territories and the re-occupancy of unoccupied territories along with reducing threats in the preferred habitats are fundamental actions that should be taken immediately to sustain viable populations. Potential management actions include enhancing natural prey density through habitat restoration and conservation, mitigating threats and reducing mortality risks due to power lines, fences, poisoning, and maintaining habitat heterogeneity important to eagles' hunting activities.

繁殖或不繁殖:繁殖性能和栖息地异质性可预测领地占有率。
在人类主导的生态系统中,物种的生活史和人为影响是种群表现和生存能力的重要驱动因素。这些因素如何影响长寿物种的栖息地选择和占用,是保护这些物种的一个重要课题。要确定这一过程的基本驱动因素,需要长期的数据集。在这项长达 22 年的研究中,我们对伊比利亚半岛东部的博内利鹰进行了年度调查。在此期间,42.8% 的已知领地仍然无人居住。随着时间的推移,养育两只雏鹰的可能性越大的领地就越稳定,生产力的变异系数越低,也就越有可能继续被占据。此外,栖息地多样性较低、以针叶林或农田为主的领地,以及距离海岸较远、海拔较高的领地,其占用率较低(即连续3年以上无人居住)。为了验证这些关联,我们监测了22只安装了全球定位系统/全球移动通信系统(GPS/GSM)发射器的个体的空间利用情况,结果证实,老鹰在其家园范围内选择了开阔的栖息地(主要是灌木丛和过渡林地-灌木丛)与森林交错的区域。与此相反,老鹰在繁殖时会避开以农业、城市和连片森林为主的区域,这与对未被占用领地的观察结果一致。我们的研究结果突显了自然和人为因素之间的重要相互作用,这对其他猛禽物种也有重要影响。保护最有生产力的领地、重新占领未被占用的领地以及减少对首选栖息地的威胁是维持种群生存应立即采取的基本行动。潜在的管理行动包括通过恢复和保护栖息地来提高自然猎物密度,减轻电线、围栏、毒物造成的威胁和降低死亡风险,以及保持对老鹰狩猎活动非常重要的栖息地异质性。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Ecological Applications
Ecological Applications 环境科学-环境科学
CiteScore
9.50
自引率
2.00%
发文量
268
审稿时长
6 months
期刊介绍: The pages of Ecological Applications are open to research and discussion papers that integrate ecological science and concepts with their application and implications. Of special interest are papers that develop the basic scientific principles on which environmental decision-making should rest, and those that discuss the application of ecological concepts to environmental problem solving, policy, and management. Papers that deal explicitly with policy matters are welcome. Interdisciplinary approaches are encouraged, as are short communications on emerging environmental challenges.
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