Analysis of the global burden of CKD-T2DM in young and middle-aged adults in 204 countries and territories from 2000 to 2019: A systematic study of the global burden of disease in 2019

Abstract

Background

Diabetes stands as a principal risk factor for severe complications including renal and cardiovascular diseases. The gradual rise in type 2 diabetes cases globally, coupled with a trend towards younger demographics, has led to an escalating prevalence of chronic kidney disease. However, its etiology is multifaceted, necessitating individualized treatment and refinement, particularly crucial in screening and managing the burden of CKD-T2DM. A comprehensive analysis of CKD-T2DM burden at global, regional, and national levels from 2000 to 2019, based on the latest data, can inform screening, early diagnostics, and treatment strategies, thereby optimizing healthcare resource allocation.

Methods

Utilizing data sourced from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database, we delineated the incidence, mortality, and DALYs rates of CKD-T2DM from 2000 to 2019 across global, regional, and national scales. We summarized the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized death rate (ASDR) of CKD-T2DM globally, regionally, and nationally, presenting them visually. Moreover, we calculated and visually depicted the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of various CKD-T2DM indicators at these levels. Additionally, CKD-T2DM patients were stratified by age to compare the age distribution of patient deaths and the age burden between 2000 and 2019.

Findings

The disease burden of CKD-T2DM among young and middle-aged individuals globally has shown a sustained increase from 2000 to 2019. Incidence, mortality, and DALYs rates have exhibited an overall upward trend, with males showing higher rates compared to females. Significant disparities exist among different countries and regions, with India, China, and Mexico emerging as the countries with the highest number of new cases. Nicaragua, Mexico, and the United Arab Emirates have the highest age-standardized incidence rates, whereas Uganda, Ethiopia, and Burundi have the lowest. At the age level, the burden of CKD-T2DM exhibits varying trends among different age groups but generally shows an upward trajectory, particularly in the 45–49 age bracket. High systolic blood pressure and high BMI stand as the primary contributing factors to mortality and DALYs, with variations in their influence observed across different regions and levels of development.

Interpretation

ver the past 20 years, the burden of CKD-T2DM among young and middle-aged individuals globally has continued to increase, with disparities existing among different countries, regions, and age groups, but overall showing an upward trend. The reasons for this trend are multifaceted, including global lifestyle changes such as dietary shifts, sedentary lifestyles, obesity, as well as population aging and inadequate preventive measures in certain regions. Addressing these challenges necessitates optimizing screening methods, adjusting lifestyles, enhancing management strategies, improving medical care and awareness levels, particularly intensifying awareness and screening efforts among males, reinforcing prevention and control measures for the 45–49 age group, enhancing infrastructure and healthcare resources in developing countries, fostering international collaboration, and implementing context-specific measures.