Gender and Lower Economic Status Moderate the Relation between Positive Youth Development and Mental Health.

Miranda Novak, Hana Gačal, Lucija Šutić
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Abstract

Adolescent mental health problems account for almost half of overall health problems globally with a risk to mental health in adulthood. Since most mental health problems begin in adolescence, this developmental period should be a focus of strengths-based approach and prevention. The most researched positive youth development framework shown to be associated with youth mental health is The Five C model which distinguishes five indicators: competence, character, confidence, caring, and connection. The aim of the present study is to examine whether sociodemographic differences moderate the association of Five Cs positive youth development indicators and depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescence. The participants of the study were 3,438 students enrolled in the first year of secondary schools in Croatia who completed the Short Measure of the Five Cs, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales and reported the perception of the socioeconomic status of their family. Gender and socioeconomic status main effects were shown for seven out of ten models with depression and anxiety as criterion variables. Results show that girls with lower levels of competence, confidence, and connection and lower socioeconomic status reported the highest depression and anxiety scores. These results imply that confidence, competence, and connection could be sensitive to equality and distribution of resources for youth. Reducing youth mental health problems should include social justice perspective and more available public services for families. Supportive environments are key for positive development; therefore, promotive and preventive efforts should target factors operating on societal level as well.

性别和较低的经济地位调节了青少年积极发展与心理健康之间的关系。
青少年的心理健康问题几乎占全球总体健康问题的一半,并有可能影响成年后的心理健康。由于大多数心理健康问题都始于青少年时期,因此这一发展阶段应成为以优势为本的方法和预防的重点。研究表明,与青少年心理健康相关的青少年积极发展框架是 "五 C 模式",该模式分为五个指标:能力、品格、自信、关爱和联系。本研究旨在探讨社会人口学差异是否会缓和五 C 积极青少年发展指标与青少年抑郁和焦虑症状之间的关联。这项研究的参与者是 3438 名就读于克罗地亚中学一年级的学生,他们完成了 "五项 Cs 短量表"、"抑郁焦虑和压力量表",并报告了对其家庭社会经济地位的看法。在以抑郁和焦虑为标准变量的十个模型中,有七个模型显示了性别和社会经济地位的主效应。结果显示,能力、自信和联系水平较低以及社会经济地位较低的女孩抑郁和焦虑得分最高。这些结果表明,自信、能力和人际关系对青少年资源的平等和分配很敏感。减少青少年心理健康问题应包括社会公正观点和为家庭提供更多的公共服务。有利的环境是积极发展的关键;因此,促进和预防工作也应针对社会层面的因素。
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