An environmentally sustainable ultrasonic-assisted exfoliation approach to graphene and its nanocompositing with polyaniline for supercapacitor applications

IF 3.8 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics Pub Date : 2024-09-29 DOI:10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107482

Chandni A P, Suchitra Vattapparambil Chandran, Binitha N. Narayanan

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

In the present work, a green high-yielding method for the preparation of graphene is introduced via ultrasonic-assisted liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) of graphite in a green solvent medium, since the common preparation method of graphene via graphite oxide is hazardous. A high concentration of 3.2 mg/ml graphene is achieved here in a comparatively short duration of 3 h ultrasonication. By using a mixed solvents strategy (acetophenone and isopropyl alcohol, 1:19 V/V), surface energy requirements needed for the exfoliation of graphite are satisfied here with acetophenone, where isopropyl alcohol further facilitated the exfoliation via non-conventional CH-π and OH-π interactions. Turbostratic graphene in high-yield (16 %) in a simple means of ultrasonic assisted LPE is the added attraction of the present procedure. The less-defective structure of graphene, its few-layered turbostratic nature, and edge functionalization of the sheets are evident from the material characterization via Raman spectroscopy, XRD, TEM-SAED, and XPS analyses. Here, we report a combination of the attractive conducting polymer polyaniline (PANI) with the as-prepared graphene for supercapacitor applications, where the PANI/graphene nanocomposites with different aniline concentrations (PANI1.125/G, PANI4.5/G, and PANI9/G) have been prepared via in-situ polymerization of aniline in the graphene dispersion. The structure and morphology of the nanocomposites are investigated using different characterization techniques which revealed that the molecular structure of the PANI is retained in the nanocomposites even with a strong interaction with graphene. FESEM and TEM images revealed the good coverage of graphene sheets with PANI that limit the volume change of PANI during the repeated charge-discharge processes. Electrochemical studies showed that PANI4.5/G has the highest specific capacitance of 126.16 mF/cm² at a current density of 1 mA/cm², resulting from the perfect combination of the pseudocapacitance behavior of the PANI along with the electrical double layer capacitance of graphene. A symmetric supercapacitor device is also fabricated with PANI4.5/G, which showed the highest areal capacitance of 116.38 mF/cm² similar to that with three-electrode studies and also good cycling stability with 87 % capacitance retention in the specific capacitance after 6000 cycles. It also exhibited an energy density of 16 µWh/cm² (0.29 Wh/kg) and a power density of 3.99 mW/cm² (72.72 W/kg).

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一种环境可持续的超声波辅助剥离石墨烯及其与聚苯胺的纳米复合方法，用于超级电容器。

由于通过氧化石墨制备石墨烯的普通方法具有危险性，本研究通过在绿色溶剂介质中对石墨进行超声波辅助液相剥离（LPE），引入了一种制备石墨烯的绿色高产方法。在相对较短的 3 小时超声时间内，就能获得 3.2 mg/ml 的高浓度石墨烯。通过使用混合溶剂（苯乙酮和异丙醇，1:19 V/V），苯乙酮满足了石墨剥离所需的表面能要求，而异丙醇则通过非常规的 CH-π 和 OH-π 相互作用进一步促进了石墨的剥离。通过超声波辅助 LPE 的简单方法就能获得高产率（16%）的透射石墨烯，是本制备过程的一大亮点。通过拉曼光谱、XRD、TEM-SAED 和 XPS 分析对材料进行表征，可以明显看出石墨烯的缺陷较少、具有少层湍流性质以及片层边缘功能化。在此，我们报告了一种将极具吸引力的导电聚合物聚苯胺（PANI）与制备的石墨烯结合用于超级电容器应用的方法，即通过苯胺在石墨烯分散体中的原位聚合，制备出不同苯胺浓度（PANI1.125/G、PANI4.5/G 和 PANI9/G）的 PANI/石墨烯纳米复合材料。使用不同的表征技术对纳米复合材料的结构和形态进行了研究，结果表明，即使与石墨烯发生了强烈的相互作用，PANI 的分子结构仍然保留在纳米复合材料中。FESEM 和 TEM 图像显示石墨烯片与 PANI 的良好覆盖，从而限制了 PANI 在反复充放电过程中的体积变化。电化学研究表明，在电流密度为 1 mA/cm2 时，PANI4.5/G 具有最高的比电容（126.16 mF/cm2），这是 PANI 的伪电容行为与石墨烯的双电层电容完美结合的结果。使用 PANI4.5/G 制备的对称超级电容器装置也显示出最高的面积电容（116.38 mF/cm2），与三电极研究结果相似，并且具有良好的循环稳定性，6000 次循环后比电容保持率为 87%。它的能量密度为 16 µWh/cm2（0.29 Wh/kg），功率密度为 3.99 mW/cm2（72.72 W/kg）。

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来源期刊

Ultrasonics 医学-核医学

CiteScore

7.60

自引率

19.00%

发文量

186

审稿时长

3.9 months

期刊介绍： Ultrasonics is the only internationally established journal which covers the entire field of ultrasound research and technology and all its many applications. Ultrasonics contains a variety of sections to keep readers fully informed and up-to-date on the whole spectrum of research and development throughout the world. Ultrasonics publishes papers of exceptional quality and of relevance to both academia and industry. Manuscripts in which ultrasonics is a central issue and not simply an incidental tool or minor issue, are welcomed. As well as top quality original research papers and review articles by world renowned experts, Ultrasonics also regularly features short communications, a calendar of forthcoming events and special issues dedicated to topical subjects.