Toxicodynamics of cadmium in the green mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) using bioenergetic and physiological biomarkers.

Abstract

This study evaluated the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) on the green mussel Perna viridis, aiming to identify toxicological endpoints and investigate its responses across physiological, bioenergetic, and biochemical parameters. The 96-hour LC₅₀ value for Cd in P. viridis was 3.03 ± 0.12 mg L^-1, with a 95% confidence interval of 2.35-3.91 mg L^-1. Chronic toxicity tests revealed a No Observable Effect Concentration (NOEC), Lowest Observable Effect Concentration (LOEC), and chronic toxicity values of 0.20, 0.37, and 0.29 mg L^-1, respectively. Cadmium accumulation in treated mussels increased 46- to 215-fold compared to the control group. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase levels in exposed mussels exhibited a significant increase compared to the control group. The redox index ratio, acetylcholinesterase activity, and lysosomal membrane stability decreased with increasing exposure concentrations. Levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione, glutathione reductase, lipid peroxidation, and metallothionein-like proteins increased in exposed mussels. Clearance rate, respiration rate, and excretion rate decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Protein, carbohydrate, and lipid levels decreased with increasing exposure concentration (p < 0.001). Mitochondrial electron transport system activity increased, while cellular energy allocation (p < 0.001) and scope for growth decreased in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.01). The significant increase in antioxidants suggests heightened oxidative stress in mussels under Cd exposure. The physiological activities of the mussels were severely affected, ultimately leading to a reduced scope for growth. The toxicological data generated in this study contribute to the development of seawater quality criteria for the metal Cd.