Optimizing Resistance Training for Sprint and Endurance Athletes: Balancing Positive and Negative Adaptations.

IF 9.3 1区 医学 Q1 SPORT SCIENCES
Bas Van Hooren, Per Aagaard, Anthony J Blazevich
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Abstract

Resistance training (RT) triggers diverse morphological and physiological adaptations that are broadly considered beneficial for performance enhancement as well as injury risk reduction. Some athletes and coaches therefore engage in, or prescribe, substantial amounts of RT under the assumption that continued increments in maximal strength capacity and/or muscle mass will lead to improved sports performance. In contrast, others employ minimal or no RT under the assumption that RT may impair endurance or sprint performances. However, the morphological and physiological adaptations by which RT might impair physical performance, the likelihood of these being evoked, and the training program specifications that might promote such impairments, remain largely undefined. Here, we discuss how selected adaptations to RT may enhance or impair speed and endurance performances while also addressing the RT program variables under which these adaptations are likely to occur. Specifically, we argue that while some myofibrillar (muscle) hypertrophy can be beneficial for increasing maximum strength, substantial hypertrophy can lead to macro- and microscopic adaptations such as increases in body (or limb) mass and internal moment arms that might, under some conditions, impair both sprint and endurance performances. Further, we discuss how changes in muscle architecture, fiber typology, microscopic muscle structure, and intra- and intermuscular coordination with RT may maximize speed at the expense of endurance, or maximize strength at the expense of speed. The beneficial effect of RT for sprint and endurance sports can be further improved by considering the adaptive trade-offs and practical implications discussed in this review.

Abstract Image

优化短跑和耐力运动员的阻力训练:平衡正负适应。
阻力训练(RT)可引发多种形态和生理适应,被广泛认为有利于提高运动成绩和降低受伤风险。因此,一些运动员和教练员参与或规定大量的阻力训练,认为持续增加最大力量容量和/或肌肉质量将提高运动成绩。与此相反,另一些人则认为 RT 可能会影响耐力或冲刺表现,因此尽量少做或不做 RT。然而,RT 可能会损害运动表现的形态和生理适应、这些适应被唤起的可能性以及可能促进这种损害的训练计划规格在很大程度上仍未确定。在这里,我们将讨论所选择的 RT 适应性会如何提高或损害速度和耐力表现,同时还将讨论在哪些 RT 项目变量下可能会出现这些适应性。具体来说,我们认为,虽然某些肌纤维(肌肉)肥大对增加最大力量有益,但大量肥大会导致宏观和微观适应,如身体(或肢体)质量和内力矩臂的增加,在某些条件下可能会损害短跑和耐力表现。此外,我们还讨论了肌肉结构、纤维类型学、微观肌肉结构以及肌肉内和肌肉间协调性随 RT 而发生的变化,这些变化可能会在牺牲耐力的情况下最大限度地提高速度,或者在牺牲速度的情况下最大限度地提高力量。通过考虑本综述中讨论的适应性权衡和实际意义,可以进一步提高 RT 对短跑和耐力运动的有益效果。
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来源期刊
Sports Medicine
Sports Medicine 医学-运动科学
CiteScore
18.40
自引率
5.10%
发文量
165
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: Sports Medicine focuses on providing definitive and comprehensive review articles that interpret and evaluate current literature, aiming to offer insights into research findings in the sports medicine and exercise field. The journal covers major topics such as sports medicine and sports science, medical syndromes associated with sport and exercise, clinical medicine's role in injury prevention and treatment, exercise for rehabilitation and health, and the application of physiological and biomechanical principles to specific sports. Types of Articles: Review Articles: Definitive and comprehensive reviews that interpret and evaluate current literature to provide rationale for and application of research findings. Leading/Current Opinion Articles: Overviews of contentious or emerging issues in the field. Original Research Articles: High-quality research articles. Enhanced Features: Additional features like slide sets, videos, and animations aimed at increasing the visibility, readership, and educational value of the journal's content. Plain Language Summaries: Summaries accompanying articles to assist readers in understanding important medical advances. Peer Review Process: All manuscripts undergo peer review by international experts to ensure quality and rigor. The journal also welcomes Letters to the Editor, which will be considered for publication.
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