Pathogenic variants in CFAP46, CFAP54, CFAP74, and CFAP221 cause Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia with a defective C1d projection of the central apparatus.

Abstract

Background: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic disorder caused by insufficient mucociliary clearance leading to chronic airway infections. The diagnostic guideline of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) primarily recommends the evaluation of the clinical history (e. g. by the PICADAR prediction tool), nasal nitric oxide (nNO) production rate measurements, high-speed videomicroscopy analysis (HSVMA) of ciliary beating, and the assessment of ciliary axonemes via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Genetic testing can be implemented as a last step.

Question: In this study, we aimed to characterise PCD with a defective C1d projection of the ciliary central apparatus (CA) and evaluated the applicability of the ERS diagnostic guideline to this PCD type.

Methods: Using a high-throughput sequencing approach of genes encoding C1d components, we identified pathogenic variants in the novel PCD genes CFAP46 and CFAP54, and the known PCD gene CFAP221. To fully assess this PCD type, we also analysed individuals with pathogenic variants in CFAP74.

Results: Careful evaluation revealed that C1d-defective PCD is associated with normal situs composition, normal nNO-production rates, normal ciliary ultrastructure by TEM, and normal ciliary beating by HSVMA. Despite chronic respiratory disease, PICADAR does not reliably detect this PCD type. However, we could show by in-vitro ciliary transport assays that affected individuals exhibit insufficient ciliary clearance.

Conclusions: Overall, this study extends the spectrum of PCD genes and highlights that C1d-defective PCD individuals elude diagnosis in the current diagnostic algorithm. To enable diagnosis, genetic testing should be prioritised in future diagnostic guidelines.