How Shell Add-On Products Influence Varsity Football Helmet Performance?

IF 3 2区医学 Q3 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL

Annals of Biomedical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI:10.1007/s10439-024-03627-5

Nicole E.-P. Stark, Mark T. Begonia, Caitlyn Jung, Steven Rowson

{"title":"How Shell Add-On Products Influence Varsity Football Helmet Performance?","authors":"Nicole E.-P. Stark, Mark T. Begonia, Caitlyn Jung, Steven Rowson","doi":"10.1007/s10439-024-03627-5","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The study purpose was to investigate the laboratory-based performance of three commercially available shell add-on products under varsity-level impact conditions.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Pendulum impact tests were conducted at multiple locations (front, front boss, rear, side) and speeds (3.1, 4.9, 6.4 m/s) using two helmet models. Tests were performed with a single add-on configuration for baseline comparisons and a double add-on configuration to simulate collisions with both players wearing shell add-ons. A linear mixed-effect model was used to evaluate peak linear acceleration (PLA), peak rotational acceleration (PRA), and concussion risk, which was calculated from a bivariate injury risk function, based on shell add-on and test configuration.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>All shell add-ons decreased peak head kinematics and injury risk compared to controls, with the Guardian NXT producing the largest reductions (PLA: 7.9%, PRA: 14.1%, Risk: 34.1%) compared to the SAFR Helmet Cover (PLA: 4.5%, PRA: 9.3%, Risk: 24.7%) and Guardian XT (PLA: 3.2%, PRA: 5.0%, Risk: 15.5%). The same trend was observed in the double add-on test configuration. However, the Guardian NXT (PLA: 17.1%; PRA: 11.5%; Risk: 62.8%) and SAFR Helmet Cover (PLA: 12.2%; PRA: 9.1%; Risk: 52.2%) produced larger reductions in peak head kinematics and injury risk than the Guardian XT (PLA: 5.7%, PRA: 2.2%, Risk: 21.8%).</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>In laboratory-based assessments that simulated varsity-level impact conditions, the Guardian NXT was associated with larger reductions in PLA, PRA, and injury risk compared to the SAFR Helmet Cover and Guardian XT. Although shell add-ons can enhance head protection, helmet model selection should be prioritized.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511751/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10439-024-03627-5","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Purpose

The study purpose was to investigate the laboratory-based performance of three commercially available shell add-on products under varsity-level impact conditions.

Methods

Pendulum impact tests were conducted at multiple locations (front, front boss, rear, side) and speeds (3.1, 4.9, 6.4 m/s) using two helmet models. Tests were performed with a single add-on configuration for baseline comparisons and a double add-on configuration to simulate collisions with both players wearing shell add-ons. A linear mixed-effect model was used to evaluate peak linear acceleration (PLA), peak rotational acceleration (PRA), and concussion risk, which was calculated from a bivariate injury risk function, based on shell add-on and test configuration.

Results

All shell add-ons decreased peak head kinematics and injury risk compared to controls, with the Guardian NXT producing the largest reductions (PLA: 7.9%, PRA: 14.1%, Risk: 34.1%) compared to the SAFR Helmet Cover (PLA: 4.5%, PRA: 9.3%, Risk: 24.7%) and Guardian XT (PLA: 3.2%, PRA: 5.0%, Risk: 15.5%). The same trend was observed in the double add-on test configuration. However, the Guardian NXT (PLA: 17.1%; PRA: 11.5%; Risk: 62.8%) and SAFR Helmet Cover (PLA: 12.2%; PRA: 9.1%; Risk: 52.2%) produced larger reductions in peak head kinematics and injury risk than the Guardian XT (PLA: 5.7%, PRA: 2.2%, Risk: 21.8%).

Conclusion

In laboratory-based assessments that simulated varsity-level impact conditions, the Guardian NXT was associated with larger reductions in PLA, PRA, and injury risk compared to the SAFR Helmet Cover and Guardian XT. Although shell add-ons can enhance head protection, helmet model selection should be prioritized.

查看原文本刊更多论文

壳体附加产品如何影响校队足球头盔的性能？

目的：本研究的目的是调查三种市售外壳附加件产品在实验室条件下的撞击性能：方法：使用两种头盔模型，在多个位置（前部、前上部、后部、侧面）和速度（3.1、4.9、6.4 米/秒）下进行摆锤式撞击测试。测试使用单附加装置配置进行基线比较，使用双附加装置配置模拟两名运动员同时佩戴附加装置的碰撞。采用线性混合效应模型来评估峰值线性加速度（PLA）、峰值旋转加速度（PRA）和脑震荡风险：与对照组相比，所有附加外壳都降低了头部运动学峰值和受伤风险，与 SAFR 头盔罩（PLA：4.5%，PRA：9.3%，风险：24.7%）和 Guardian XT（PLA：3.2%，PRA：5.0%，风险：15.5%）相比，Guardian NXT 的降低幅度最大（PLA：7.9%，PRA：14.1%，风险：34.1%）。在双附加测试配置中也观察到了同样的趋势。然而，Guardian NXT（PLA：17.1%；PRA：11.5%；风险：62.8%）和 SAFR 头盔罩（PLA：12.2%；PRA：9.1%；风险：52.2%）与 Guardian XT（PLA：5.7%；PRA：2.2%；风险：21.8%）相比，头部运动学峰值和受伤风险的降低幅度更大：结论：在实验室模拟撞击条件的评估中，与 SAFR 头盔罩和 Guardian XT 相比，Guardian NXT 在 PLA、PRA 和受伤风险方面的降低幅度更大。虽然外壳附加物可以增强头部保护，但头盔型号的选择应优先考虑。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Annals of Biomedical Engineering 工程技术-工程：生物医学

CiteScore

7.50

自引率

15.80%

发文量

212

审稿时长

3 months

期刊介绍： Annals of Biomedical Engineering is an official journal of the Biomedical Engineering Society, publishing original articles in the major fields of bioengineering and biomedical engineering. The Annals is an interdisciplinary and international journal with the aim to highlight integrated approaches to the solutions of biological and biomedical problems.