Fluoride Exposure from Drinking Water Increases the Risk of Stroke: An Ecological Study in Changwu Town, China.

IF 3.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Toxics Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI:10.3390/toxics12090679

Lin Yuan, Hongna Sun, Yue Li, Zhifeng Xing, Shihui Yin, Fengyu Xie, Jing Zhou, Shuang Li, Liaowei Wu, Wei Huang, Teng Wang, Yanhui Gao, Lijun Zhao, Dianjun Sun

{"title":"Fluoride Exposure from Drinking Water Increases the Risk of Stroke: An Ecological Study in Changwu Town, China.","authors":"Lin Yuan, Hongna Sun, Yue Li, Zhifeng Xing, Shihui Yin, Fengyu Xie, Jing Zhou, Shuang Li, Liaowei Wu, Wei Huang, Teng Wang, Yanhui Gao, Lijun Zhao, Dianjun Sun","doi":"10.3390/toxics12090679","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Background: Stroke is a major cause of death globally and the leading cause in China. Excessive fluoride exposure has been linked to cardiovascular conditions related to stroke risk factors such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, and cardiomyopathy. However, evidence supporting the association between fluoride exposure and stroke risk is limited.Methods: We constructed an ecological study in Changwu Town, Heilongjiang Province, China, a typical endemic fluorosis area caused by excessive fluoride exposure from drinking water. We collected demographic data, stroke prevalence, and mortality information from 2017 to 2021. Fluoride exposure data were obtained from the national monitoring project on endemic fluorosis. Water fluoride concentrations were measured using the standardized methods. Trend changes in stroke rates were assessed using annual percentage change (APC). Differences in stroke rates among fluoride exposure groups were analyzed using chi-square tests.Results: From 2017 to 2021, the all-ages and age-standardized stroke prevalence rates of permanent residents in Changwu Town increased year by year, while the all-ages and age-standardized mortality rates did not change significantly. The prevalence rates of stroke were significantly higher in endemic fluorosis areas compared to non-endemic areas (p < 0.001). Stratifying the population into tertile groups based on the water fluoride cumulative exposure index (WFCEI) revealed statistically significant differences in stroke prevalence rates (p < 0.001), showing a dose-response relationship with the WFCEI. However, the all-ages and age-standardized mortality rates of stroke were not found to be related to fluoride exposure.Conclusions: Long-term excessive fluoride exposure from drinking water may increase the risk of stroke prevalence, indicating fluoride overexposure as a potential risk factor for stroke.","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11436047/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Toxics","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090679","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background: Stroke is a major cause of death globally and the leading cause in China. Excessive fluoride exposure has been linked to cardiovascular conditions related to stroke risk factors such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, and cardiomyopathy. However, evidence supporting the association between fluoride exposure and stroke risk is limited.

Methods: We constructed an ecological study in Changwu Town, Heilongjiang Province, China, a typical endemic fluorosis area caused by excessive fluoride exposure from drinking water. We collected demographic data, stroke prevalence, and mortality information from 2017 to 2021. Fluoride exposure data were obtained from the national monitoring project on endemic fluorosis. Water fluoride concentrations were measured using the standardized methods. Trend changes in stroke rates were assessed using annual percentage change (APC). Differences in stroke rates among fluoride exposure groups were analyzed using chi-square tests.

Results: From 2017 to 2021, the all-ages and age-standardized stroke prevalence rates of permanent residents in Changwu Town increased year by year, while the all-ages and age-standardized mortality rates did not change significantly. The prevalence rates of stroke were significantly higher in endemic fluorosis areas compared to non-endemic areas (p < 0.001). Stratifying the population into tertile groups based on the water fluoride cumulative exposure index (WFCEI) revealed statistically significant differences in stroke prevalence rates (p < 0.001), showing a dose-response relationship with the WFCEI. However, the all-ages and age-standardized mortality rates of stroke were not found to be related to fluoride exposure.

Conclusions: Long-term excessive fluoride exposure from drinking water may increase the risk of stroke prevalence, indicating fluoride overexposure as a potential risk factor for stroke.

查看原文本刊更多论文

饮用水中的氟化物会增加中风风险：中国长武镇生态研究》。

背景：中风是全球的主要死因，也是中国的主要死因。过量氟暴露与高血压、动脉粥样硬化、血脂异常和心肌病等中风危险因素相关的心血管疾病有关。然而，支持氟暴露与脑卒中风险之间关联的证据却很有限：方法：我们在中国黑龙江省彰武镇开展了一项生态学研究，该地区是典型的地方性氟中毒地区，原因是饮用水中氟的暴露量过大。我们收集了 2017 年至 2021 年的人口数据、脑卒中患病率和死亡率信息。氟暴露数据来自全国地方性氟中毒监测项目。水氟浓度采用标准化方法测量。中风发病率的趋势变化采用年度百分比变化（APC）进行评估。采用卡方检验分析氟暴露组之间中风发病率的差异：2017年至2021年，长武镇常住人口全年龄段和年龄标准化脑卒中患病率逐年上升，而全年龄段和年龄标准化死亡率变化不明显。地方性氟中毒地区的脑卒中患病率明显高于非地方性氟中毒地区（P < 0.001）。根据水氟化物累积暴露指数（WFCEI）将人群分为三等分组后发现，中风患病率在统计学上存在显著差异（p < 0.001），显示出与 WFCEI 的剂量反应关系。然而，所有年龄段和年龄标准化的中风死亡率与氟暴露无关：结论：长期从饮用水中摄入过量氟可能会增加中风患病风险，这表明氟摄入过量是中风的一个潜在风险因素。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Toxics Chemical Engineering-Chemical Health and Safety

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

10.90%

发文量

681

审稿时长

6 weeks

期刊介绍： The Journal accepts papers describing work that furthers our understanding of the exposure, effects, and risks of chemicals and materials in humans and the natural environment as well as approaches to assess and/or manage the toxicological and ecotoxicological risks of chemicals and materials. The journal covers a wide range of toxic substances, including metals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, biocides, nanomaterials, and polymers such as micro- and mesoplastics. Toxics accepts papers covering: The occurrence, transport, and fate of chemicals and materials in different systems (e.g., food, air, water, soil); Exposure of humans and the environment to toxic chemicals and materials as well as modelling and experimental approaches for characterizing the exposure in, e.g., water, air, soil, food, and consumer products; Uptake, metabolism, and effects of chemicals and materials in a wide range of systems including in-vitro toxicological assays, aquatic and terrestrial organisms and ecosystems, model mammalian systems, and humans; Approaches to assess the risks of chemicals and materials to humans and the environment; Methodologies to eliminate or reduce the exposure of humans and the environment to toxic chemicals and materials.