Associations between Changes in Exposure to Air Pollutants due to Relocation and the Incidence of 14 Major Disease Categories and All-Cause Mortality: A Natural Experiment Study.

Abstract

Background: Though observational studies have widely linked air pollution exposure to various chronic diseases, evidence comparing different exposures in the same people is limited. This study examined associations between changes in air pollution exposure due to relocation and the incidence and mortality of 14 major diseases.

Methods: We included 50,522 participants enrolled in the UK Biobank from 2006 to 2010. Exposures to particulate matter with a diameter $\le 2.5\mu m$ (${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$), particulate matter with a diameter $\le 10\mu m$ (${\mathrm{PM}}_{10}$), nitrogen oxides (${\mathrm{NO}}_x$), nitrogen dioxide (${\mathrm{NO}}_2$), and sulfur dioxide (${\mathrm{SO}}_2$) were estimated for each participant based on their residential address and relocation experience during the follow-up. Nine exposure groups were classified based on changes in long-term exposures due to residential mobility. Incidence and mortality of 14 major diseases were identified through linkages to hospital inpatient records and death registries. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incidence and mortality of the 14 diseases of interest.

Results: During a median follow-up of 12.6 years, 29,869 participants were diagnosed with any disease of interest, and 3,144 died. Significantly increased risk of disease and all-cause mortality was observed among individuals who moved from a lower to higher air polluted area. Compared with constantly low exposure, moving from low to moderate ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ exposure was associated with increased risk of all 14 diseases but not for all-cause mortality, with adjusted HRs (95% CIs) ranging from 1.18 (1.05, 1.33) to 1.48 (1.30, 1.69); moving from low to high ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ areas increased risk of all 14 diseases: infections [1.37 (1.19, 1.58)], blood diseases [1.57 (1.34, 1.84)], endocrine diseases [1.77 (1.50, 2.09)], mental and behavioral disorders [1.93 (1.68, 2.21)], nervous system diseases [1.51 (1.32, 1.74)], ocular diseases [1.76 (1.56, 1.98)], ear disorders [1.58 (1.35, 1.86)], circulatory diseases [1.59 (1.42, 1.78)], respiratory diseases [1.51 (1.33, 1.72)], digestive diseases [1.74 (1.58, 1.92)], skin diseases [1.39 (1.22, 1.58)], musculoskeletal diseases [1.62 (1.45, 1.81)], genitourinary diseases [1.54 (1.36, 1.74)] and cancer [1.42 (1.24, 1.63)]. We observed similar associations for ${\mathrm{PM}}_{10}$ and ${\mathrm{SO}}_2$ with 14 diseases (but not with all-cause mortality); increases in ${\mathrm{NO}}_2$ and ${\mathrm{NO}}_x$ were positively associated with 14 diseases and all-cause mortality.

Conclusions: This study supports potential associations between ambient air pollution exposure and morbidity as well as mortality. Findings also emphasize the importance of maintaining consistently low levels of air pollution to protect the public's health. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14367.