Comparative toxicity of oral exposure to paraquat: Survival rates and gene expression in two honey bees species; Apis mellifera and Apis cerana.

Abstract

Honey bees provide vital pollination services to agricultural crops and wild plants worldwide. Unfortunately, the misuse and overuse of pesticides in agricultural production have led to an increase in incidents harming honey bees in recent years. Among the commonly utilized bee species in beekeeping are Apis cerana and Apis mellifera, with wild A. cerana populations widely dispersed in forests, contributing substantially to ecosystem balance. Yet, the impact of paraquat, a toxic herbicide, on A. cerana remains largely unexplored. This study aims to address this gap by examining acute exposure endpoints based on mortality represented by median lethal doses (LD₅₀ values) of paraquat, survival rates, and gene expression patterns between the A. cerana and A. mellifera. The findings revealed that A. cerana exhibits greater sensitivity to paraquat compared to A. mellifera. The acute oral LD₅₀ values for A. cerana were 5.85, 1.74, and 1.21 μg/bee at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively, whereas the corresponding values for A. mellifera were 104.00, 11.00, and 6.41 μg/bee. Further, the study demonstrated significant upregulation of the detoxification (antioxidative) enzymes SOD1, CAT, and LLDH-X2 in both A. mellifera and A. cerana following exposure to the lethal dose of paraquat. However, SOD2 expression was notably downregulated in both species, indicating potential mitochondrial damage. These findings suggest that while honey bees initiate activate defense mechanisms against oxidative damage, paraquat exposure may still impair mitochondrial function. Paraquat was found to be moderately toxic to A. mellifera but highly toxic to A. cerana, indicating the importance of screening multiple bee species when assessing the risks of chemical exposure. This research provides a rare comparative analysis of chemical stress effects on morbidity and gene expression in two different honey bee species, establishing a foundational framework for risk assessment and the regulation of herbicide risks to pollinating insects.