Lid wiper epitheliopathy: Topical review of current identification strategies and future perspectives

Abstract

Lid Wiper Epitheliopathy (LWE) is a recognized ocular condition affecting visual quality and ocular comfort, characterized by the damage of the marginal conjunctiva of the upper eyelid. This review critically examines the current strategies for LWE identification and explores the multifactorial etiology of LWE and its association with various ocular surface diseases. A literature review conducted on PubMed identified 67 relevant studies, which were analyzed to enhance understanding of LWE’s diagnostic criteria and its clinical implications, offering future perspectives on improving diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes.

The association between LWE and contact lens-related discomfort is examined, with studies reporting conflicting findings regarding its prevalence and severity among soft contact lens wearers. Moreover, LWE has been linked to tear film abnormalities, altered tear composition, and eyelid margin abnormalities in non-contact lens wearers, further complicating diagnosis and management.

Current LWE grading systems, including subjective methods and semi-objective approaches, are reviewed, highlighting challenges such as subjectivity, complexity, and variability. Recent advances in LWE grading, including semi-automated methods and photographic scales, show promise but face implementation challenges in clinical settings.

The review concludes by proposing areas for further research, including investigating factors contributing to LWE onset and development, developing more sensitive diagnostic tools, and exploring the impact of LWE on ocular surface health and visual function. Standardization, validation, and innovation in grading systems are emphasized to enhance diagnostic accuracy and improve clinical outcomes for patients with LWE. Ongoing research in LWE grading is essential for addressing diagnostic challenges and optimizing assessment methodologies in clinical practice.