Rare earth recycling and remanufacturing: Impacts on oligopoly markets and industry development from a closed-loop supply chain perspective

IF 11.3 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

ACS Catalysis Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143773

Chenghao Lai , Xiuli Wang , Hengkai Li , Huan Tao

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The recycling of rare earth elements (REEs) yielded a dual benefit by alleviating supply constraints and contributing to environmental preservation. Independent recyclers (IRs), upon extracting REEs from waste materials, not only supplied the recovered REEs to the REE conglomerates but also engaged in competitive relationships by remanufacturing REE products. This study established a closed-loop supply framework, allowing the IR flexibly to choose between remanufacturing or direct sales strategies. Using the Cournot model under inequation constraints and real market data, to explores the impact of REE acquisition prices and recycling technologies on the closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) and society. The results indicated that: (1) The recycling mode and technology do not affect market share. Compared to the IR, REE conglomerate exhibit significant monopolistic advantages, occupying at least 85.1% of the market share, which can increase to a maximum of 98% as acquisition prices rise. (2) The acquisition price of recycled REE has an “inverse U-shaped” relationship with the profits of REE conglomerate and a positive relationship with the profits of IR. (3) The recovery rate is negatively related to the profits of REE conglomerate and positively related to the profits of IR. Increasing the REE recovery rate will enhance the profitability of the IR. (4) In terms of social effects, higher acquisition price of recycled REE continuously reduce consumer surplus and social welfare. Although the REE recovery rate does not affect consumer surplus, it has a significant positive impact on social welfare.

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稀土回收和再制造：从闭环供应链角度看对寡头市场和产业发展的影响

稀土元素（REE）的回收利用具有双重效益，既缓解了供应紧张，又有助于环境保护。独立回收商（IR）从废料中提取稀土元素后，不仅向稀土企业集团供应回收的稀土元素，还通过再制造稀土产品参与竞争关系。这项研究建立了一个闭环供应框架，使投资者可以灵活选择再制造或直接销售策略。利用不等式约束下的库诺模型和真实市场数据，探讨了 REE 收购价格和回收技术对闭环供应链（CLSC）和社会的影响。结果表明(1）回收模式和技术不影响市场份额。与IR相比，REE企业集团表现出明显的垄断优势，至少占据85.1%的市场份额，随着收购价格的上涨，市场份额最高可达98%。(2）回收的 REE 的收购价格与 REE 集团的利润呈 "反 U 型 "关系，与 IR 的利润呈正相关关系。(3）回收率与 REE 集团的利润呈负相关，与 IR 的利润呈正相关。提高 REE 回收率将提高 IR 的利润率。(4) 在社会效应方面，回收的稀土的收购价格越高，消费者剩余和社会福利就越低。虽然稀土元素回收率不影响消费者剩余，但对社会福利有显著的正向影响。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

ACS Catalysis CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL-

CiteScore

20.80

自引率

6.20%

发文量

1253

审稿时长

1.5 months

期刊介绍： ACS Catalysis is an esteemed journal that publishes original research in the fields of heterogeneous catalysis, molecular catalysis, and biocatalysis. It offers broad coverage across diverse areas such as life sciences, organometallics and synthesis, photochemistry and electrochemistry, drug discovery and synthesis, materials science, environmental protection, polymer discovery and synthesis, and energy and fuels. The scope of the journal is to showcase innovative work in various aspects of catalysis. This includes new reactions and novel synthetic approaches utilizing known catalysts, the discovery or modification of new catalysts, elucidation of catalytic mechanisms through cutting-edge investigations, practical enhancements of existing processes, as well as conceptual advances in the field. Contributions to ACS Catalysis can encompass both experimental and theoretical research focused on catalytic molecules, macromolecules, and materials that exhibit catalytic turnover.