Multimodal applications of green carbon dots derived from Potentilla indica (mock strawberry): Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and quenching based quercetin sensor

Abstract

This study utilized a simple hydrothermal technique to synthesize negatively charged carbon dots from Potentilla indica fruit (MSTCDs) with antioxidant and broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, as well as a specific capacity to detect quercetin. The characterization of MSTCDs was performed using spectrophotometry (UV–vis, fluorescence, X-ray photoelectron, and Fourier-transform infrared), zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy. The prepared MSTCDs had an average size of 8 ± 0.22 nm and zeta potential of −21 mV. The prepared MSTCDs showed negligible cytotoxicity and were found to be biocompatible with human microglial cells. MSTCDs used the static quenching and inner filter effect as their two sensing mechanisms to detect quercetin. The fluorescence intensity of the MSTCDs decreased as the dose of quercetin increased, showing a linear correlation within the dose range of 0.01–70 μM (R² = 0.9980) and the lowest detection limit of 2 nM. The prepared MSTCDs were applied to detect quercetin in the orange and grape juice, yielding values of 3.27 and 7.04 μM, respectively. Further, the MSTCDs displayed antioxidant activity by scavenging 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, and hydroxyl radicals, with an EC₅₀ value of 9.3, 140.82, and 187.91 µg/mL, respectively. The antiradical activity of MSTCDs was slightly lower than the ascorbic acid except for ABTS radicals, where MSTCDs showed superior scavenging ability (EC₅₀ = 9.3 µg/mL) compared to the control (EC₅₀ = 33.7 µg/mL). MSTCDs exhibited dose-dependent antimicrobial activity against fungi, Gram-negative bacteria, and Gram-positive bacteria. Thus, the developed CDs showed potential as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and quenching-based quercetin sensor.