Fluorescent-based bile acid triazole-phenothiazine derivatives: Multiphase detection of biogenic amines and application in spoiled foods

Abstract

Amines are ubiquitous in biological world, yet are toxic and harmful in nature. To preserve the quality and safety of these packaged meals, it’s critical to identify biogenic amines that are emitted from spoiled meat, fish, or dairy products. To this endeavour, herein we report bile acid based triazole derivative with phenothiazine that are capable of sensing various amines by rapid change of fluorescence colour or intensity. The triazole derivatives exhibit a multiphase sensing platform by effectively sensing amine vapours or solutions in both solid and solution phases. Probes in the vapour state exhibit very quick interaction to primary amines (26 s for CTPTZ) and strong sensitivity to putrescine, which is a common example of biogenic amines (BAs). We have employed our unique sensing triazole derivative as a spoilage indication for meat. It detects biogenic amines from spoiled food and produces an optical response. Significant changes in both visual and luminescent were noted within 4–18 h of packaging at room temperature (∼25 °C). The rapid response that biogenic amines provide to these molecular sensors makes them highly promising for applications in the food packaging industry, medical diagnostics, and other sensory devices.