Theoretical Modeling of the Exceptional GRB 221009A Afterglow

Luca Foffano, Marco Tavani and Giovanni Piano
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Abstract

The extraordinary gamma-ray burst GRB 221009A provides a great opportunity to investigate the enigmatic origin and evolution of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). However, the complexity of the observations associated with this GRB provides significant challenges to developing a theoretical modeling in a coherent framework. In this paper, we present a theoretical interpretation of the GRB 221009A afterglow within the relativistic fireball scenario, aiming to describe the broadband data set with a consistent model evolution. We find that the adiabatic fireball evolution in the slow-cooling regime provides a viable scenario in good agreement with observations. Crucial to our analysis is the set of simultaneous GeV and TeV gamma-ray data obtained by AGILE and LHAASO during the early afterglow phases. Having successfully modeled as inverse Compton emission the high-energy spectral and lightcurve properties of the afterglow up to 104 s, we extend our model to later times when also optical and X-ray data are available. This approach results in a coherent physical framework that successfully describes all observed properties of the afterglow up to very late times, approximately 106 s. Our model requires time-variable microphysical parameters, with a moderately increasing efficiency εe of a few percent for transferring the shock energy to radiating particles and a decreasing efficiency for magnetic field generation εB in the range 10−5–10−7. Fitting the detailed multifrequency spectral data across the afterglow provides a unique test of our model.
异常 GRB 221009A 余辉的理论建模
非同寻常的伽马射线暴 GRB 221009A 为研究伽马射线暴(GRB)的神秘起源和演变提供了一个绝佳的机会。然而,与这一伽马射线暴相关的观测数据非常复杂,这给在一个连贯的框架内建立理论模型带来了巨大挑战。在本文中,我们提出了相对论火球情景下对 GRB 221009A 余辉的理论解释,旨在用一致的模型演化来描述宽带数据集。我们发现,慢冷却机制下的绝热火球演化提供了一个可行的方案,与观测结果非常吻合。对我们的分析至关重要的是 AGILE 和 LHAASO 在早期余辉阶段同时获得的 GeV 和 TeV 伽马射线数据集。在成功地模拟了 104 秒以内余辉的高能光谱和光曲线特性的反康普顿发射之后,我们将模型扩展到了光学和 X 射线数据也可用的后期。我们的模型需要随时间变化的微物理参数,将冲击能量传递给辐射粒子的效率εe 会适度增加几个百分点,而磁场产生的效率εB 则会在 10-5-10-7 范围内逐渐降低。拟合整个余辉的详细多频光谱数据为我们的模型提供了一个独特的测试。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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