Effect of atomic oxygen and vacuum thermal aging on graphene and glass fibre reinforced cyanate ester-based shape memory polymer composite for deployable thin wall structures

Abstract

Deployable components and structures are a crucial part of space exploration. Due to fewer parts, low weight and cost, shape memory polymers (SMPs) and their composites (SMPCs) are considered ideal candidates for this. However, lower thermal stability and poor durability in the space environment have limited their applicability. This research work details the development of Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP) filled Glass Fibre (GF) reinforced cyanate ester-based SMPC with 0/90° and ±45° sandwich fibre lay-up configuration capable of multidirectional shape programming. The SMP matrix was synthesised by mixing Cyanate Ester and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) with added GNP. SMPC was fabricated by pouring the SMP mixture into a pre-prepared glass mould with the added GF layers. The synthesised SMPC showed shape programming and recovery at 169.01 ± 0.62 °C and stable thermomechanical properties at the temperature of 130 °C. Durability tests at extreme environmental conditions including Atomic Oxygen exposure, thermal vacuum aging, and elevated-temperature behaviour tests were conducted as these tests evaluate the durability and applicability of the SMPC for use in Earth's orbits and lunar environments. The performances of the samples before and after durability tests were measured through mechanical tests, shape memory effect tests and a series of characterisation methods such as microscopic image analysis, FTIR and dynamic mechanical analysis. According to the results, AO exposure affected the SMPCs by eroding their surface. There were no changes in the chemical structure of the SMPC yet the thermomechanical, mechanical and shape memory properties were decreased without compromising their safe operational levels such as storage onset temperatures (128.79 ± 3.08 °C), maximum tensile stress (114.99 ± 21.52 MPa), shape fixity (100 %) and recovery ratios (100 %). The erosion resistance of the GNP-filled SMPCs was improved with ∼54.35 % less erosion than the SMPC without GNP. The vacuum thermal aging slightly slowed shape recovery from 31.17 % to 8.32 % at 160 °C due to PEG crosslink degradation, however, 100 % shape recovery was achieved at the end. Further durability tests under cryogenic temperatures and effects after vacuum thermal cycles are warranted to observe the synergistic effect on the SMPC for future developments. Exploring the scalability and additive manufacturability of the developed SMPC can be advantageous in the future while mitigating challenges such as complex shape programming, long-term materials degradation, resource efficiency and compliance with safety standards.