Reconstruction of the Dynamics of a Catastrophic Crater Lake Outburst Flood, Changbaishan-Tianchi Volcano

IF 4.6 1区 地球科学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Shengwu Qin, Jingyu Yao, Guangjie Li, Lingshuai Zhang, Xiaowei Liu, Chaobiao Zhang, Li Li
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Abstract

Reconstruction of the catastrophic drainage following the Millennium Eruption (ME) of Changbaishan-Tianchi volcano in 946 ± 20 CE is of great significance, as it contributes to improving the regional maximum flood record and develop rare flood risk analysis. However, limited knowledge exists concerning the failure mode, magnitude, and transport processes of the outburst flooding. In this work, we present a whole system model that describes the paleohydrology of catastrophic drainage using geological records along the downstream valley. The model encompasses the crater lake dynamics, an approximation of the breach erosion process and flood propagation downstream. The boulder competence method was used to constrain by reasonable flow parameters, while mitigating the uncertainty caused by the ambiguous geological paleostage indicators. Paleohydrologic analysis indicates that at least 1 km3 of water was released from the caldera, with the vertical breach erosion rates as high as 34 m/hr. Volcanic activity during the ME II may have directly contributed to triggering of the flood event. The local hydrodynamic response of the downstream riverbed captures the dynamic migration patterns of sediments across spatio-temporal scales, offering a comprehensive interpretation of the specific scouring surfaces observed in the geological profile. The analysis of simulated inundation boundaries reveals that not all recorded inundations can be attributed to the crater lake outburst event. Reconstructions of megafloods based on downstream constraints on flood stage, velocity and discharge can help to infer and constrain the dynamics of dam failure mechanisms, and also contribute to our understanding of these complex paleohydrologic events.
重建长白山天池火山口湖溃决洪水的动力学过程
重建西元 946 年 ± 20 年长白山天池火山千年大爆发(ME)后的灾难性排水系统具有重要意义,因为它有助于改进区域最大洪水记录并开展罕见的洪水风险分析。然而,人们对爆发洪水的破坏模式、规模和传输过程的了解十分有限。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个全系统模型,利用下游河谷的地质记录来描述灾难性排水的古水文学。该模型包括陨石坑湖动力学、裂口侵蚀过程的近似值以及洪水向下游的传播。采用巨石能力法对合理的水流参数进行约束,同时减轻因地质古阶段指标不明确而造成的不确定性。古水文分析表明,火山口至少释放了 1 千立方米的水,垂直裂口侵蚀速率高达 34 米/小时。ME II 期间的火山活动可能是引发洪水事件的直接原因。下游河床的局部水动力响应捕捉到了沉积物跨时空尺度的动态迁移模式,为地质剖面中观测到的特定冲刷面提供了全面的解释。对模拟淹没边界的分析表明,并非所有记录在案的淹没都可归因于火山口湖溃决事件。根据洪水位、流速和排水量的下游制约因素重建特大洪水有助于推断和制约溃坝机制的动态变化,也有助于我们了解这些复杂的古水文事件。
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来源期刊
Water Resources Research
Water Resources Research 环境科学-湖沼学
CiteScore
8.80
自引率
13.00%
发文量
599
审稿时长
3.5 months
期刊介绍: Water Resources Research (WRR) is an interdisciplinary journal that focuses on hydrology and water resources. It publishes original research in the natural and social sciences of water. It emphasizes the role of water in the Earth system, including physical, chemical, biological, and ecological processes in water resources research and management, including social, policy, and public health implications. It encompasses observational, experimental, theoretical, analytical, numerical, and data-driven approaches that advance the science of water and its management. Submissions are evaluated for their novelty, accuracy, significance, and broader implications of the findings.
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